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In air defense operations, resisting cruise missile attacks is a major challenge. Firstly, based on judging the direction and route of the cruise missile weapon system, the paper establishes the radar detection zone algorithm, the killing zone of surface-to-air missile weapon system and the interception model of surface-to-air missile weapon system needed in the process of physical interception. Secondly, according to whether the effective interception condition is satisfied, an algorithm is established to judge the surface-to-air missile weapon system on several fixed positions. Lastly, it gives the maximum interception expectation of the incoming route to achieve effective interception. We set up scenarios through examples to reasonably divide the Red Army’s combat area, analyze quantitatively the effectiveness of blue ground-to-air missiles intercepting red cruise missiles under different terrain conditions, after comprehensively judging the entry situation of detection and killing zones and calculating whether there is an interception arc, the interception efficiency can be calculated. This model incorporates terrain constraints, making the results more reasonable than other models. It provides a scientific basis for command assisted decision-making.

In recent decades, missile guidance and control have advanced significantly, with methods like pure pursuit (PP), command to line-of-sight (CLOS), and proportional navigation (PN) enabling accurate target interception in uncertain environments through line-of-sight (LOS) tracking. In this work, we propose a novel 3D sliding pure pursuit guidance (3DSPP) law for controlling a surface-to-air missile against a maneuvering target. The algorithm is compared with established guidance laws such as zero-effort miss distance “ZEM-PN” and “3D-PP”, with performance metrics including the miss distance Md and time of closest approach tcap. The results demonstrate that the 3DSPP outperforms the conventional methods by achieving the lowest Md= 0.1497 m and the fastest tcap= 7.3853 s, ensuring more precise and rapid interception. The algorithm also exhibits superior robustness to noise and efficient energy management, making it a promising solution for real-world missile guidance systems.

Confronted with the spectacular evolution of the aircraft and other aerial vehicles, the systems destined to combat them, especially Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (SAMS), went through an accelerated loss of their performance. The financial crisis has forced an extension of the system operation even if the system is outdated. Therefore, a new modernized version has been designed. Many times, it is better to improve an existing system than to buy a new one. This article describes the diversity of SAMS’s challenges, involving a decrease in time regarding their number. The types of challenges can be divided in two categories: technical and institutional ones. The technical challenges can be also divided in two categories: deterioration of material and obsolescence. The classes of material that present interest for us are aerodynamic vector structure, propulsion, and special systems. From an institutional point of view, the main problems are: cost versus performance and cost versus the remaining lifetime (technical resource) of the air defense system. The article finishes with conclusions that support the possibility and necessity of a SAMS upgrade, given the change of the threats characteristics.

The deployment of weapon systems prior to the engagement of anti-cruise missiles constitutes the primary research challenge in surface-to-air missile operations. Initially, it is essential to analyze operational requirements and scientifically delineate the guided radar detection area, kill zone, and interception zone based on physical realities. A model should be established to ascertain the fundamental conditions for site deployment, taking into account factors such as position height, shielding angle, and geographic coordinates. In relation to low-altitude approaches by adversarial forces, key considerations include the depth and breadth of firepower from the weapon system in the attack direction, firepower density in that direction, and lethality probability. An Operational Effectiveness model should be developed based on coverage area of firepower, effective interceptions per unit time, and lethality probabilities of weapon systems to evaluate each location’s effectiveness. Finally, leveraging land selection principles and external information coordination mechanisms will facilitate establishing a genetic algorithm-based strategy for deploying surface-to-air missile systems. The validity of this algorithm has been demonstrated through practical examples.

Many countries including India use the Russian made SAM-3 (Pechora) surface-to-air missile (SAM) weapon systems to protect their strategic and tactical infrastructure. The mathematical computations done in this paper, conclusively prove s that SA-125 low-blow tracking radar of Pechora is vulnerable to jamming. A project was undertaken to overcome the jamming vulnerability of Pechora aiming to design and develop an electronic counter counter measure system. This system networked the Pechora tracking radar with a western tracking radar, Flycatcher, developed by HSA Holland. The latter radar works in a MMW band. When jamming (x band) is employed by enemy aircraft the Low blow radar failed to provide target coordinates. But the flycatcher tracking radar which is tracking in Ka band provided the tracking coordinates (after parallax correction) to the command guidance computer. This way the missile guidance is protected until missile warhead in missile blasts near the target. Extensive trials carried out with a number of aircraft sorties proved the success of this developed system against jamming.

Strategy in the Missile Age first reviews the development of modern military strategy to World War II, giving the reader a reference point for the radical rethinking that follows, as Dr. Brodie considers the problems of the Strategic Air Command, of civil defense, of limited war, of counterforce or pre-emptive strategies, of city-busting, of missile bases in Europe, and so on. The book, unlike so many on modern military affairs, does not present a program or defend a policy, nor is it a brief for any one of the armed services. It is a balanced analysis of the requirements of strength for the 1960's, including especially the military posture necessary to prevent war. A unique feature is the discussion of the problem of the cost of preparedness in relation to the requirements of the national economy, so often neglected by other military thinkers. Originally published in 1959. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This paper presents the method to solve the problem of path planning for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in adversarial environments including radar-guided surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and unknown threats. SAM lethal envelope and radar detection for SAM threats and line-of-sight (LOS) calculation for unknown threats are considered to compute the cost for path planning. In particular, dynamic SAM lethal envelope is taken into account for path planning in that SAM lethal envelope does change its direction according to the flight direction of UAV. In addition, terrain masking, nonisotropic radar cross section (RCS), and dynamic constraints of UAV are considered to determine the cost of the path. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed for finding an optimal path. The proposed algorithm is composed of preprocessing steps, multi-swarm PSO algorithm, and postprocessing steps. The Voronoi diagram and Dijkstra algorithm as preprocessing steps provide the initial path for the multi-swarm PSO algorithm which uses multiple swarms with sub-swarms for the balance between exploration and exploitation. Postprocessing steps include waypoint insertion and 3D path smoothing. The computation time is reduced by using the map generation, the coordinate transformation, and the graphic processing unit (GPU) implementation of the algorithm. Various simulations are carried out to compare the performance of the proposed method according to the number of iterations, the number of swarms, and the number of cost evaluation points. The t-test results show that the suggested method is statistically better than existing methods.

In this paper, a novel approach has been presented to integrate command to line-of-sight (CLOS) guidance and proportional navigation (PN) guidance in order to reduce miss distance and to increase the effectiveness of surface to air missiles. Initially a comparison of command to line-of-sight guidance and proportional navigation has been presented. Miss distance, variation of angle-of-attack, normal and lateral accelerations and error of missile flight path from direct line-of-sight have been used as noteworthy criteria for comparison of the two guidance laws. Following this comparison a new approach has been proposed for determining the most suitable guidance gains in order to minimize miss distance and improve accuracy of the missile in delivering the warhead, while using CLOS guidance. This proposed technique is based on constrained nonlinear minimization to optimize the guidance gains. CLOS guidance has a further limitation of significant increase in normal and lateral acceleration demands during the terminal phase of missile flight. Furthermore, at large elevation angles, the required angle-of-attack during the terminal phase increases beyond design specifications. Subsequently, a missile with optical sensors only and following just the CLOS guidance has less likelihood to hit high speed targets beyond 45° in elevation plane. A novel approach has thus been proposed to overcome such limitations of CLOS-only guidance for surface to air missiles. In this approach, an integrated guidance algorithm has been proposed whereby the initial guidance law during rocket motor burnout phase remains CLOS, whereas immediately after this phase, the guidance law is automatically switched to PN guidance. This integrated approach has not only resulted in slight increase in range of the missile but also has significantly improved its likelihood to hit targets beyond 30 degrees in elevation plane, thus successfully overcoming various limitations of CLOS-only guidance approach. Hence, proposing an approach to determine most suitable gains for CLOS guidance and integration of CLOS and PN guidance for enhanced effectiveness and accuracy of surface to air missiles are the two significant contributions of this work.

In order to better standardize the process of disassembly and assembly of a certain type of surface-to-air missile co-launcher assembly frame, improve the efficiency of bomb replacement, and shorten the preparation time for combat, this paper uses Pro/E three-dimensional modeling software to perform three-dimensional modeling of the main structure of this type of co-frame launcher, and carry out the analysis of mechanical interface adaptability.

The basic Surface-to-Air Missile System (SAMS) mission is to combat and destroy the aerial threats on the close and direct ways of access to the defended anti-aircraft objectives, before they fulfil their mission. The main features of Air Defence Systems will aim to increase the effectiveness, Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM), short reaction time, mobility and stability in work during the day or at night regardless of the weather conditions.