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Theta functions on varieties with effective anti-canonical class
We show that a large class of maximally degenerating families of
We anticipate that wall structures can be
constructed quite generally from maximal degenerations. The construction given here then provides the homogeneous coordinate ring of the
mirror degeneration along with a canonical basis. The appearance of a canonical basis of sections for certain degenerations points
towards a good compactification of moduli of certain polarized varieties via stable pairs, generalizing the picture for K3 surfaces
[Gross, Hacking, Keel, and Siebert,
eBook
A Physical Explanation for Ocean Air–Water Warming Differences under CO2-Forced Warming
Modeled global warming is often quantified using global near-surface air temperature (T
as). Meanwhile, long-term temperature datasets combine observations of T
as over land with sea surface temperature (SST) over ocean. Modeled ocean T
as warms more than SST, which can bias model–observation comparisons. Skin temperature (Ts
), which is typically warmer than T
as, follows SST changes so the ocean surface temperature discontinuity δTs
= Ts
− T
as decreases with warming. Here I show that under CO2 forcing, decreased δTs
is consistently simulated for nonpolar ocean within ±60°S/N, but not for other regions. I investigate the causes of oceanic δTs
decrease using a LongRunMIP climate simulation, radiative kernels, and standard methods for diagnosing forcing and feedbacks from the CMIP5 ensemble. CO2 forcing establishes longwave heating of the lower atmosphere and subsequent adjustments that result in a small T
as increase, and therefore a δTs
decrease. During the subsequent warming in response to CO2 forcing, the model-mean surface evaporation feedback is 3.6 W m−2 °C−1 over oceans, which reduces Ts
warming relative to T
as and further shrinks δTs
. Present-day forcing and feedback contributions are of similar magnitude, and both contribute to small differences in model–observation comparisons of global warming rates when these differences are not accounted for.
Journal Article
Sticky : the secret science of surfaces
You are surrounded by stickiness. With every step you take, air molecules cling to you and slow you down; the effect is harder to ignore in water. When you hit the road, whether powered by pedal or engine, you rely on grip to keep you safe. The post-it note and glue in your desk drawer. The non-stick pan on your stove. The fingerprints linked to your identity. The rumbling of the Earth deep beneath your feet, and the ice that transforms waterways each winter. All of these things are controlled by tiny forces that operate on and between surfaces, with friction playing the leading role. In 'Sticky', Laurie Winkless explores some of the ways that friction shapes both the manufactured and natural worlds, and describes how our understanding of surface science has given us an ability to manipulate stickiness, down to the level of a single atom.
BOOK
The effect of Oceanic South Atlantic Convergence Zone episodes on regional SST anomalies: the roles of heat fluxes and upper-ocean dynamics
The South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) is an atmospheric system occurring in austral summer on the South America continent and sometimes extending over the adjacent South Atlantic. It is characterized by a persistent and very large, northwest-southeast-oriented, cloud band. Its presence over the ocean causes sea surface cooling that some past studies indicated as being produced by a decrease of incoming solar heat flux induced by the extensive cloud cover. Here we investigate ocean–atmosphere interaction processes in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) during SACZ oceanic episodes, as well as the resulting modulations occurring in the oceanic mixed layer and their possible feedbacks on the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Our main interests and novel results are on verifying how the oceanic SACZ acts on dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms and contributes to the sea surface thermal balance in that region. In our oceanic SACZ episodes simulations we confirm an ocean surface cooling. Model results indicate that surface atmospheric circulation and the presence of an extensive cloud cover band over the SWA promote sea surface cooling via a combined effect of dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms, which are of the same order of magnitude. The sea surface temperature (SST) decreases in regions underneath oceanic SACZ positions, near Southeast Brazilian coast, in the South Brazil Bight (SBB) and offshore. This cooling is the result of a complex combination of factors caused by the decrease of solar shortwave radiation reaching the sea surface and the reduction of horizontal heat advection in the Brazil Current (BC) region. The weakened southward BC and adjacent offshore region heat advection seems to be associated with the surface atmospheric circulation caused by oceanic SACZ episodes, which rotate the surface wind and strengthen cyclonic oceanic mesoscale eddy. Another singular feature found in this study is the presence of an atmospheric cyclonic vortex Southwest of the SACZ (CVSS), both at the surface and aloft at 850 hPa near 24°S and 45°W. The CVSS induces an SST decrease southwestward from the SACZ position by inducing divergent Ekman transport and consequent offshore upwelling. This shows that the dynamical effects of atmospheric surface circulation associated with the oceanic SACZ are not restricted only to the region underneath the cloud band, but that they extend southwestward where the CVSS presence supports the oceanic SACZ convective activity and concomitantly modifies the ocean dynamics. Therefore, the changes produced in the oceanic dynamics by these SACZ events may be important to many areas of scientific and applied climate research. For example, episodes of oceanic SACZ may influence the pathways of pollutants as well as fish larvae dispersion in the region.
Journal Article
Model cellulosic surfaces
\"Molecular interactions of cellulose surfaces govern the three-dimensional assembly of plant cell walls and play important roles in the pulp and paper, textile, and food industries. Interactions of cellulose surfaces with other polysaccharides, proteins, polynucleotides, and mammalian cells are of interest for biomedical cellulose applications and, more recently, interactions of cellulolytic enzymes with cellulosic substrates is of interest in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks. The study of interactions and sorption phenomena involving cellulose and cellulosic materials requires well-defined model surfaces. Several methods to prepare such model surfaces have been developed over the past fifteen years and an increasing number of cellulose interaction studies involving such model surfaces can be found in the literature.
Book
Surface chemistry of surfactants and polymers
This book gives the reader an introduction to the field of surfactants in solution as well as polymers in solution. Starting with an introduction to surfactants the book then discusses their environmental and health aspects. Chapter 3 looks at fundamental forces in surface and colloid chemistry. Chapter 4 covers self-assembly and 5 phase diagrams. Chapter 6 reviews advanced self-assembly while chapter 7 looks at complex behaviour. Chapters 8 to 10 cover polymer adsorption at solid surfaces, polymers in solution and surface active polymers, respectively. Chapters 11 and 12 discuss adsorption and surface and interfacial tension, while Chapters 13- 16 deal with mixed surfactant systems. Chapter 17, 18 and 19 address microemulsions, colloidal stability and the rheology of polymer and surfactant solutions. Wetting and wetting agents, hydrophobization and hydrophobizing agents, solid dispersions, surfactant assemblies, foaming, emulsions and emulsifiers and microemulsions for soil and oil removal complete the coverage in chapters 20-25.
eBook
Is it smooth or rough?
Discusses the properties of matter pertaining to whether an object is smooth or rough, defining both words and using examples to illustrate the differences.
Book
Surface treatments for biological, chemical, and physical applications
A step-by-step guide to the topic with a mix of theory and practice in the fields of biology, chemistry and physics.Straightforward and well-structured, the first chapter introduces fundamental aspects of surface treatments, after which examples from nature are given.
eBook