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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the calculation of the survivability of the CODOG power system in different layouts under the condition that the ship is hit by the simulation technology. In this paper, the impact of the weapon’s hit distribution under the guidance conditions and the layout of different main power compartments on the survivability of the CODOG power system of the ship are discussed, the fuzzy evaluation method is used to evaluate its advantages and disadvantages, and the reasons for the advantages and disadvantages are analyzed.

Most studies projecting human survivability limits to extreme heat with climate change use a 35 °C wet-bulb temperature (T w ) threshold without integrating variations in human physiology. This study applies physiological and biophysical principles for young and older adults, in sun or shade, to improve current estimates of survivability and introduce liveability (maximum safe, sustained activity) under current and future climates. Our physiology-based survival limits show a vast underestimation of risks by the 35 °C T w model in hot-dry conditions. Updated survivability limits correspond to T w ~25.8–34.1 °C (young) and ~21.9–33.7 °C (old)—0.9–13.1 °C lower than T w  = 35 °C. For older female adults, estimates are ~7.2–13.1 °C lower than 35 °C in dry conditions. Liveability declines with sun exposure and humidity, yet most dramatically with age (2.5–3.0 METs lower for older adults). Reductions in safe activity for younger and older adults between the present and future indicate a stronger impact from aging than warming. Research examining the ability to survive or safely live under extreme heat often oversimplifies human exposure and responses. Here, the authors apply a physiology-based approach for young and older adults to improve survivability estimates and introduce liveability in current and future climates.

The residual buoyancy of vessels after damage has a fundamental role in their survivability and it is implemented through adequate ship internal subdivision. Traditionally the number and the position of transverse watertight bulkheads are selected for most ships early in the design phase by means of the “floodable length curve” coupled with the concept of “margin line”. However, for naval vessels, it is more and more common during the acquisition process to explore a wide domain of feasible ships, identified with the assistance of automated processes and assessed also in terms of capabilities, among which is survivability. The generation and the comparison of a considerable number of different ship configurations is very time consuming. Therefore recourse to a parametric expression of the floodable length curve is considered to be a very efficient approach and would thus enable characterisation of the ship, in terms of survivability performance. In this paper such an approach is presented, using an offshore patrol vessel (OPV) as the case study.

Blocks of gelatine are used in both lethality and survivability studies for broadly the same reason, i.e. comparison of ammunition effects using a material that it is assumed represents (some part of) the human body. The gelatine is used to visualise the temporary and permanent wound profiles; elements of which are recognised as providing a reasonable approximation to wounding in humans. One set of researchers aim to improve the lethality of the projectile, and the other to understand the effects of the projectile on the body to improve survivability. Research areas that use gelatine blocks are diverse and include ammunition designers, the medical and forensics communities and designers of ballistic protective equipment (including body armour). This paper aims to provide an overarching review of the use of gelatine for wound ballistics studies; it is not intended to provide an extensive review of wound ballistics as that already exists, e.g. Legal Med 23:21–29, 2016. Key messages are that test variables, projectile type (bullet, fragmentation), impact site on the body and intermediate layers (e.g. clothing, personal protective equipment (PPE)) can affect the resulting wound profiles.

Laser spectroscopy outperforms electrochemical and semiconductor gas sensors in selectivity and environmental survivability. However, the performance of the state-of-the-art laser sensors is still insufficient for many high precision applications. Here, we report mode-phase-difference photothermal spectroscopy with a dual-mode anti-resonant hollow-core optical fiber and demonstrate all-fiber gas (acetylene) detection down to ppt (parts-per-trillion) and <1% instability over a period of 3 hours. An anti-resonant hollow-core fiber could be designed to transmit light signals over a broad wavelength range from visible to infrared, covering molecular absorption lines of many important gases. This would enable multi-component gas detection with a single sensing element and pave the way for ultra-precision gas sensing for medical, environmental and industrial applications. Typically, the performance of the state-of-the-art laser sensors is insufficient for many high precision applications. Here, the authors report mode-phase-difference photothermal spectroscopy with a dual-mode anti-resonant hollow-core optical fiber and demonstrate acetylene detection with ultra-high sensitivity.

Mission resilience is a primary consideration for naval platforms operating in contested maritime environments. It is a concept that encapsulates a platform’s ability to endure, and to survive threats that affect the achievement of mission objectives. Historically, platform survivability analysis was constrained by “stove piping” the analysis within individual survivability domains (susceptibility, vulnerability and recoverability). However, the trade-space combining susceptibility, vulnerability and recoverability in a temporal framework enables holistic survivability analysis. This is referred to as “Integrated Survivability”. To demonstrate the utility of Integrated Survivability analysis, and its contribution to mission resilience, a naval platform survivability case study was developed. The case study examined the achievement of a mission objective for four platform configurations exposed to a detonating weapon threat. There were three primary outcomes. Firstly, the case study demonstrated a platform general arrangement configuration change to improve crew access, instead of a technological solution, provided the best outcome for achieving the mission objective. Secondly, the case study demonstrated the use of a warship computer model specifically designed for naval platform survivability analysis. This warship model is an unclassified, generalised naval platform representation designed to foster collaboration and for documenting research in the open literature. Finally, the case study enabled the development of a workflow to facilitate Integrated Survivability analysis for the enhancement of the fleet-in-being and assessment of future naval platform acquisitions.

Background The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the risks of fomite transmission from contaminated surfaces. Methods This study measured the survival rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2, suspended in a standard ASTM E2197 matrix, on several common surface types. All experiments were carried out in the dark, to negate any effects of UV light. Inoculated surfaces were incubated at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C and sampled at various time points. Results Survival rates of SARS-CoV-2 were determined at different temperatures and D-values, Z-values and half-life were calculated. We obtained half lives of between 1.7 and 2.7 days at 20 °C, reducing to a few hours when temperature was elevated to 40 °C. With initial viral loads broadly equivalent to the highest titres excreted by infectious patients, viable virus was isolated for up to 28 days at 20 °C from common surfaces such as glass, stainless steel and both paper and polymer banknotes. Conversely, infectious virus survived less than 24 h at 40 °C on some surfaces. Conclusion These findings demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious for significantly longer time periods than generally considered possible. These results could be used to inform improved risk mitigation procedures to prevent the fomite spread of COVID-19.

Aiming at the effectiveness of global importance index of nodes in directed network, according to complex network theory, using degree index, intermediate centrality index, proximity centrality index and PageRank algorithm, the importance ranking of nodes is obtained,The global efficiency of the network and the number of nodes in the maximum connected subgraph are used as the criterion to attack the directed network with priority of node importance, analyzing the effectiveness of four indexes to evaluate the global importance of nodes.The global importance of nodes is studied by using the index with high effectiveness. By protecting the nodes with high global importance, the survivability and the overall efficiency of the directed network can be improved.