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Among environmental stresses, drought is the main limiting factor of crop yield. The use of nanomaterials has been considered a strategy to enhance the drought tolerance of plants. To evaluate the beneficial effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs; 0 (T0), 50 (T50), and 100 (T100) mg l−1) and deficit irrigation (70 as control (I70), 105 (I105), and 140 (I140) mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) on drought tolerance of sweet corn cv. chase, an open field experiment was performed in 2018–2019. The results showed that deficit irrigation decreased the maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), but T50 improved Fv/Fm. 50 mg l−1 TiO2-NPs enhanced leaf SOD, APX, and CAT antioxidant activities by 17%, 10%, and 24%, respectively, over the control. I140T50 increased leaf proline content 8% and 17% over I140T0 and I140T100, respectively. Grain number per ear with the highest correlation with grain yield (r = 0.97) was the most determining grain yield component. The greatest grain yield was obtained from I0T50 and I105T50 (760 and 809 g m−2, respectively). Therefore, I105, due to less water consumption, and T50 may be considered to produce sweet corn with a desired performance under water-limited conditions.

Recessive shrunken2 (s h2 )-based sweet corn is preferred worldwide as it possesses higher sugar and extended shelf life. However, traditional sh2 -based sweet corn is poor in vitamin A and vitamin E. Here, parental lines of two sh2 -based sweet corn hybrids, viz. PSSC-2 and ASKH-2, were targeted for introgression of β-carotene hydroxylase 1 ( crtRB1 ) and γ-tocopherol methyltransferase ( vte4 ) genes through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Seeds with sh2sh2sh2 genotype in the endosperm were selected based on the shrunken phenotype in BC 1 F 1 , BC 2 F 1 and BC 2 F 2 generations. Gene-based markers, viz. 3 ′ -TE-InDel and 118-InDel specific for crtRB1 and vte4 , respectively, were successfully utilized for foreground selection in BC 1 F 1 , BC 2 F 1 and BC 2 F 2 . Reconstituted hybrids showed high provitamin A (proA: 19.52 ± 0.52 µg/g) with a maximum of 7.8-fold increase over original hybrids (ASKH-2 and PSSC-2: 3.33 ± 0.28 µg/g). High α-tocopherol (20.75 ± 0.44 µg/g) and α/γ-tocopherol ratio (0.55 ± 0.02) with an average enhancement of 2.3- and 1.7-fold, respectively, was recorded among reconstituted hybrids over original versions (α-tocopherol: 9.21 ± 0.33 µg/g, α/γ-tocopherol ratio: 0.31 ± 0.01). The average yield of reconstituted hybrids (11.40 ± 0.22 t/ha) was at par with the original sweetcorn hybrids (11.60 ± 0.20 t/ha). This is the first report of stacking sh2 , crtRB1 and vte4 genes to improve nutritional quality in sweet corn. These biofortified sweet corn hybrids hold immense significance to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition.

Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer is a serious sugarcane stalk borer in China. Screening of artificial diet formulations can provide the foundation for mass rearing indoor and biological research of C. sacchariphagus . Four different artificial diet formulations (I, II, III, IV) were set to feed for C. sacchariphagus . The experiment was carried out in a constant temperature incubator with temperature 26 ± 1 °C, humidity 75 ± 5 °C and photoperiod 14L:10D. The growth and development indexes were observed to determine the best feed formula for C. sacchariphagus . The results showed that the hatching rate, larval survival rate, pupation rate and fecundity of C. sacchariphagus fed with diet III (sugarcane stalk powder 40 g, sweet corn grain 240 g, yeast powder 20 g, agar 16 g, casein 10 g, sucrose 10 g, cholesterol 0.24 g, choline chloride 0.4 g, sorbic acid 1 g, methylparaben 1 g, multidimensional element sheet 1 g, 40% formaldehyde 0.5 ml and distilled water 800 ml) were higher than those of the other three formulas. From the life table parameters, the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ), the intrinsic rate of increase ( r m ) and the finite rate of increase ( λ ) of Formula III were higher than those of the other three formulas. In summary, artificial diet III is more suitable for the growth and development of C. sacchariphagus and can be used as a formula for indoor diet.

Crop rotations are known to improve soil health by replenishing lost nutrients, increasing organic matter, improving microbial activity, and reducing disease risk and weed pressure. We characterized the spatial distribution of crops and dominant field-scale cropping sequences from 2008 to 2019 for the Wisconsin Central Sands (WCS) region, a major producer of potato and vegetables in the U.S. The dominant two- and three-year rotations were determined, with an additional focus on assessing regional potato rotation management. Our results suggest corn and soybean are the two most widely planted crops, occurring on 67% and 36% of all agricultural land at least once during the study period. The most frequent two- and three-year crop rotations include corn, soybean, alfalfa, sweet corn, potato, and beans, with continuous corn being the most dominant two- and three-year rotations (13.2% and 8.5% of agricultural land, respectively). While four- and five-year rotations for potato are recommended to combat pest and disease pressure, 23.2% and 65.9% of potato fields returned to that crop in rotation after two and three years, respectively. Furthermore, 5.6% of potato fields were planted continuously with that crop. Given potato’s high nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements, the prevalence of sandy soils, and ongoing water quality issues, adopting more widespread use of four- or five-year rotations of potato with crops that require zero or less N fertilizer could reduce groundwater nitrate concentrations and improve water quality.

Bu çalışma, farklı ekim zamanının şeker mısırı (Zea mays saccharata sturt) çeşitlerinde tane verimi ve kalite özelliklerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla, 2010-2012 yılları arasında Diyarbakır’da yürütülmüştür. Denemeler tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Denemelerde, ana parselleri ekim zamanı, alt parselleri ise çeşitler oluşturmuştur. Çalışma 8 farklı ekim zamanı (1 Nisan, 15 Nisan,1 Mayıs, 15 Mayıs, 1 Haziran, 15 Haziran, 1 Temmuz, 15 Temmuz) ve 5 şeker mısırı çeşidi (Merit, Jübile, Lumina, Vega ve Sakarya Kompozit) kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Üç yıllık sonuçlara göre en yüksek taze tane verimi (963.9kg da-1) Vega çeşidinin 15 Nisan ve 1 Mayıs ekimlerinden elde edilmiştir. Suda çözünür kuru madde yönünden değerlendirildiğinde Vega çeşidinin şeker oranı yüksek, Sakarya Kompozit çeşidinin ise düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tüketici talepleri bakımından önemli bir parametre olan *b(sarılık) değerinin en yüksek olduğu çeşit Lumina'dır. Diyarbakır koşullarında taze tane üretimi ve bazı kalite kriterleri dikkate alındığında şeker mısırı yetiştiriciliği için en uygun ekim zamanın 15 Nisan-01 Mayıs en uygun çeşidin ise Vega çeşidi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada farklı zamanlarda yapılan hasadın tatlı mısırın taze koçan verimi ve bazı verim unsurlarına etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak Harran Ovası koşullarında 2016 ve 2017 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada Merit hibrit tatlı mısır çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Zadoks skalasına göre erken süt olum (Z73), orta süt olum (Z75), geç süt olum (Z77), erken sarı olum (Z83), orta sarı olum (Z85) ve geç sarı olum (Z87) dönemlerinde hasat yapılmıştır. Araştırmada taze koçan ağırlığı (g koçan-1), taze dane ağırlığı (kg da-1), taze koçan verimi (kg da-1), taze koçan uzunluğu (cm), ağza yapışma oranı ve suda çözünür kuru madde (SÇKM) oranı gibi özellikler incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre İncelenen özellikler hasat zamanı bakımından istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur (P≤0.01). İki yılın ortalamasına göre taze koçan ağırlığı 133.1 ile 240.8 g koçan-1, taze dane ağırlığı 537.5 ile 1322.0 kg da-1, taze koçan verimi 1103.2 ile 1889.8 kg da-1, taze koçan uzunluğu 17.3 ile 20.2 cm, ağza yapışma oranı 1.7 ile 4.0 arasında ve suda çözünür kuru madde oranı 17.2 ile 23.5% arasında değişmiştir. Sonuç olarak, orta sarı olum (Z85) ve geç sarı olum (Z87) döneminde hasat edilen tatlı mısırın taze koçan ve taze dane verimi bakımından en yüksek değerle verdiği belirlenmiştir. Aim of this study was to determine the effect different harvesting stages on the fresh ear yield and some other yield characteristics of sweet corn. The research was conducted as a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates in Harran plain conditions in 2016 and 2017. Merit hybrid sweet corn variety was used as plant material. Harvests were made according to Zadoks scale as early milky stage (Z73), middle milky stage (Z75), late milky stage (Z77), early starch stage (Z83), middle starch stage (Z85) and late starch stage. Fresh ear weight (g ear-1), fresh grain yield (kg da-1), fresh ear yield (kg da-1), fresh ear length (cm), adherence rate to mouth (%) and water-soluble dry matter rate (%) were determined in the study. As a result of the research; statistically significant differences were seen between harvesting times at tested characteristics (P≤0.01). Based on two years average; fresh ear weight, fresh grain yield, fresh ear yield, and fresh ear length ranged between 133.1 and 240.8 g ear-1, 537.5 and 1322.0 kg da-1 , 1103.2 and 1889.8 kg da-1, and 17.3 and 20.2 cm, respectively. Also,  adherence rate to mouth and water-soluble dry matter rate varied between 1.7 and 4.0%, and, 17.2 and 23.5%, respectively. Consequently, the highest fresh ear yield and fresh grain yield were optained from middle and late starch stages.

Nicosulfuron, mesotrione, dicamba plus diflufenzopyr, and carfentrazone are postemergence herbicides from different chemical families with different modes of action. An association between the sensitivity of sweet corn to these herbicides was observed when 143 F3 : 4 families (F4 plants) derived from of a cross between Cr1 (sensitive inbred) and Cr2 (tolerant inbred) were evaluated in greenhouse trials. The ratio of tolerant : segregating : sensitive families was not significantly different from a 3 : 2 : 3 ratio, which would be expected if a single gene conditioned herbicide response. Families cosegregated for responses to these herbicides. In field studies with 60 F3 : 5 families in 2005 and 120 F3 : 5 families in 2007, responses to these herbicides and foramsulfuron and primisulfuron were associated. Responses to bentazon in field trials were similar to the aforementioned herbicides for tolerant families, but differences were noted for families that were sensitive or segregated for responses to nicosulfuron, foramsulfuron, primisulfuron, mesotrione, dicamba plus diflufenzopyr, and carfentrazone. The gene(s) affecting herbicide sensitivity in Cr1 maps to the same region of chromosome 5S as a previously sequenced cytochrome P450 gene, where alleles previously designated nsf1 and ben1 were associated with sensitivity to nicosulfuron and bentazon and appear to be the result of a 392–base-pair insertion mutation. This work supports the hypothesis that a single recessive gene or closely linked genes in the sweet corn inbred Cr1 condition sensitivity to multiple cytochrome P450 enzyme-metabolized herbicides.

【目的】研究鲜食甜玉米需水量、需水规律及节水灌溉制度，指导其科学合理灌溉。【方法】连续开展2 a鲜食甜玉米田间灌溉试验，以群众高产种植经验为试验处理，在试验小区内安装智墒和云智能气象站采集土壤墒情、气象数据。分析了甜玉米全生育期土壤水分动态变化规律；计算了甜玉米逐日需水量和作物系数，分析了其需水量规律；针对实际灌溉中存在的问题，对甜玉米灌溉过程中土壤含水率上下限进行了优化。【结果】甜玉米土壤水分变化主要集中在10~30 cm之间，根系最大吸水深度为50 cm；2016—2017年甜玉米全生育期需水量分别为197.7 mm和212.9 mm，平均需水强度分别为3.0 mm/d和3.1 mm/d；需水强度呈现抽雄吐丝期＞灌浆乳熟期＞拔节期＞苗期的规律；甜玉米作物系数（Kc）苗期最小，抽雄吐丝期最大，2 a全生育期Kc平均值分别为0.63和0.67；经过灌溉制度优化，甜玉米全生育期灌水4次，净灌溉用水量较实际分别减少31.87%和33.97%。【结论】甜玉米需水量较小，需水规律和普通玉米相似，农业生产中应根据降雨情况适时补充灌溉。

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo de la mancha foliar causada por Bipolaris maydis, enfermedad común e          n maíz dulce, según la dosis y el acumulado de nitrógeno, potasio y silicio, en condiciones de invernadero. Los tratamientos consistieron en cinco dosis de nitrógeno (N) (0, 200, 400, 800 y 1.200 kg/ha), aplicación o no de potasio (K) (240 kg/ha) y aplicación o no de silicio (Si) (380 kg/ha). Se empleó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado con esquema factorial 5 x 2 x 2 y tres repeticiones. Se inocularon todos los tratamientos a los 30 días con una suspensión de 2 x 105 conidios por mL de B. maydis. A los 42 días se midió la acumulación de N, K y Si, así como el porcentaje de infección y el área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE). Los tratamientos que recibieron fertilización con Si y K presentaron mayores acumulados de N, K y Si, y niveles más bajos de intensidad de ataque y ABCPE. Los acumulados de N, K y Si presentaron variaciones frente a las interacciones de la fertilización de K con N, y de Si con N; sin embargo, los niveles de las variables de la enfermedad fueron menores en la fertilización con K o Si, combinadas con las dosis de 0, 200 y 400 kg/ha de N.

Bitki büyüme ve gelişmesi için gerekli olan besin maddelerini sağlayan inorganik kimyasal gübreler verimi artırırlar ancak bu kimyasalların, bilinçsiz ve aşırı kullanımı insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından olumsuz sonuçlara neden olur. Günümüzde çevre dostu tarım yaklaşımlarından bazıları, bitkilerin besin maddesi alınımını, gelişimini, biyotik ve abiyotik stres koşullarına dayanımını arttıran kök bölgesinde serbest veya simbiyoz yaşayan bakterileri, ekto ve endomikorizaları ve daha birçok faydalı mikroorganizmayı kapsar. Bu araştırma, Endomycorrhiza, Trichodermaspp., Bacillus subtilis ve Bacillus megaterium içeren bir ticari mikrobiyal gübrenin dört farklı doz (0, 2, 4, 8 ml kg-1tohum) uygulamasının tatlı mısır (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) yetiştiriciliğinde bitki gelişimi ve verim üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Tohum çimlenme yüzdesi, bitki boyu, bitki çapı, bitki başına koçan sayısı, ortalama kavuzlu ve kavuzsuz koçan ağırlığı, koçan verimi, koçan boyu, koçan çapı, koçanda sıra sayısı, sırada dane sayısı, toplam suda çözünür kuru madde (TSÇKM) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, mikrobiyal gübre uygulaması dozlarının artışı ile bitki gelişimi, kavuzlu ve kavuzsuz koçan ağırlığı ve veriminin artığını göstermiştir. Ölçülen birçok parametrede 4 ve 8 ml kg-1 tohum dozlarının yakın sonuçlar vermiştir ve daha az kullanım bakımından 4 ml kg-1 tohum dozunun uygun doz olarak önerilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.