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"Symbolism in art Dictionaries"
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The Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and poetics, fourth edition
Through three editions over more than four decades,The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poeticshas built an unrivaled reputation as the most comprehensive and authoritative reference for students, scholars, and poets on all aspects of its subject: history, movements, genres, prosody, rhetorical devices, critical terms, and more. Now this landmark work has been thoroughly revised and updated for the twenty-first century. Compiled by an entirely new team of editors, the fourth edition--the first new edition in almost twenty years--reflects recent changes in literary and cultural studies, providing up-to-date coverage and giving greater attention to the international aspects of poetry, all while preserving the best of the previous volumes
At well over a million words and more than 1,000 entries, theEncyclopediahas unparalleled breadth and depth. Entries range in length from brief paragraphs to major essays of 15,000 words, offering a more thorough treatment--including expert synthesis and indispensable bibliographies--than conventional handbooks or dictionaries.
This is a book that no reader or writer of poetry will want to be without.
Thoroughly revised and updated by a new editorial team for twenty-first-century students, scholars, and poetsMore than 250 new entries cover recent terms, movements, and related topicsBroader international coverage includes articles on the poetries of more than 110 nations, regions, and languagesExpanded coverage of poetries of the non-Western and developing worldsUpdated bibliographies and cross-referencesNew, easier-to-use page designFully indexed for the first time
eBook
Colour Idioms and Business English Terms
The article focuses on idioms containing an element of colour that have become economic and business terms. The analysis of these naming units is based on a corpus of 140 idioms comprising eleven different colours, extracted from business English dictionaries. It concentrates on the semantics of these expressions, considering their figurativeness as well as the symbolic nature of colours. Based on the findings that this naming process is productive, methods for incorporating colour idioms into the teaching of English for specific academic purposes are suggested.
Journal Article
SYMBOLIC MEANING OF BLACK AND WHITE IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH POETRY
The article seeks to illuminate the symbolic meaning of black and white in contemporary English poetry. The paper suggests that, when used in a poem, black symbolises some negative feelings or states, while white – positive ones. Data analysis shows that, on the one hand, black and white oppose each other and represent contradictory forces, two extremes, which is the basic idea of Western dualism. Furthermore, the poets often juxtapose black and white with chromatic colours. On the other hand, they embody two complementary forces, the union of which helps to maintain the balance of life – Chinese dualism.
Journal Article
Job Versus Hercules: Virtue in the Articles of the Byzantine Suda Dictionary of the 10th Century
Introduction. In ancient mythology, the image of Hercules is one of the most popular, and his heroic cult is one of the most common. Having emerged from the “conglomerate of folk tales”, the image of Hercules was actively assimilated by the Greek and then Roman literary tradition. Hercules was a very popular hero among Greek tragic and especially comic poets. In Roman times, the final systematization of the image took place. The key role in this process was played by the works of Apollodorus “The Mythological Library” (2nd century BC), “Pictures” by Philostratus the Younger (2nd century BC) and “Description of Hellas” by Pausanias (2nd century BC). Within the framework of the classical tradition, the image of Hercules in Roman times was finally formed and unambiguous. Hercules is a hero, a demigod, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, who possessed amazing strength, who killed his children (and the children of his brother Iphicles) in an act of madness. He performed 12 labours at the request of Eurystheus. Hercules lived with the Lydian queen Omphale dressing in a woman’s dress. He was poisoned by his wife Deianira, burned at the stake on Mount Eta and ascended to Olympus, where he became the spouse of Hebe. Methods. The hermeneutic methodology, which ensured the correct understanding and interpretation of the text of the Suda dictionary and the ancient texts, on which this “antique” dictionary was based, is used in the article. The toolkit of the hermeneutic circle (pre-understanding and understanding of the text, interpretation of the whole based on knowledge of its parts) made it possible to highlight key elements (plots, signs and symbols) of the philosophical image of Hercules in the entries of the dictionary. Results. We can see a kind of “muscular Christianity”, when the strength of the body still corresponds to moral perfection and the withdrawal from the world does not contradict the active entry into the still polis institutions of urban life in Byzantine cities, among which the most important was the hippodrome and sports competitions. Christian authors actively used traditional sports metaphors and images of wrestling, but filled them with new Christian content. In the dictionary of the Suda, there is a kind of replacement of images that embody the samples of virtue. Hercules always loses to Job. It is indicative that the Christian rhetoric, relying on the philosophical symbolism of the apotheosis of Hercules, using the “sports” terminology of struggle, ignores the developed philosophical symbolism of Hercules, and fights against the mythological “fables” about Hercules. Using cynical and stoic terminology, Christian rhetoric opposes the comedic and dramatic image of Hercules, as Herodore of Heracles did in the 5th century BC. That is, the enemy is borrowed from Christian rhetoric along with philosophical symbols and terminology describing a difficult life full of trials as a virtue.
Journal Article
When Heterodoxy Becomes Heresy: Using Bourdieu's Concept of Doxa to Describe State-Sanctioned Exclusion in Pakistan
This paper employs and adapts Bourdieu's concept of doxa to describe the declaration of heresy against the Ahmadiyya in Pakistan. The Ahmadiyya, avowedly Muslim, were declared heretics by constitutional amendment in 1974, leading to their widespread persecution and bans on their use of Islamic symbols. Most analyses of this event—from a statehood and authority/\"Othering\" perspective—tend to overlook why the Ahmadi were singled out for this unusual exclusion and why emphasis was placed on symbolic violence. It discursively analyzes the recently declassified transcript of parliamentary proceedings to reveal three interlinked theological and political elements of Ahmadi heterodoxy that challenged the sociopolitical order. The analysis also shows how orthodoxy emerged and was institutionalized in a dialectical relationship with that heterodoxy. Further, the discussion focuses on the continuity of symbolic capital inherent in institutionalization and the implications of this for Ahmadis and other religious \"heretics\" in Pakistan. By exploring how heterodoxy becomes heresy, this case highlights the utility of Bourdieu's schema and proposes some adjustments to it to better understand modern religious heresy and then export lessons into other analytical domains.
Journal Article
Standardization of a Graphic Symbol System as an Alternative Communication Tool for Turkish
Graphic symbols are commonly used across countries in order to support individuals with communicative deficiency. The literature review revealed the absence of such a system for Turkish socio-cultural context. In this study, the aim was to develop a symbol system appropriate for the Turkish socio-cultural context. The process began with studies designed to delineate the scope of the proposed system. Firstly, a dictionary was formed, founded on the literature. In the following stage, a visual design form was developed with a view to identifying visual representations of these words. Using this form, 106 participants were asked for their opinion. The data collected were examined, and common traits of the graphic(s) indicated for each word were identified so that alternative graphic(s) could be prepared accordingly. From one to five visual representations were identified for each word and the corresponding graphic symbols were drawn in electronic media. An e-measure was developed in order to find out whether these graphics were sufficient to represent the corresponding objects, concepts, or situations. The scale was sent to participant groups across Turkey to obtain the opinions of individuals from divergent age, culture, and educational backgrounds. A total of 1,099 participants were asked for their opinion. This resulted in a new system consisting of standard graphic symbol(s) for 843 words and seven forms of affix structures appropriate for writing Turkish using graphic symbols.
Journal Article