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Background The acquisition of clinical and surgical skills is fundamental to dental training. Traditional methods such as cadaveric dissection and porcine models face ethical, logistical, and reproducibility challenges. In this study, we evaluate a novel 3D-printed simulator produced with Polyjet technology for incision and suture training and compare its educational value to that of animal models. Methods A total of 69 participants—27 undergraduate students, 19 postgraduate students and 23 expert oral surgeons— tested 30 identical simulators at Paris-Cité University. The simulators were created from intraoral scans using GrabCAD software and manufactured with Polyjet 3D printing. The participants observed the model, performed incisions, created gingival flaps, and sutured. They subsequently completed an 11-item satisfaction questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Participants in all groups reported a high level of overall satisfaction (mean 4.50). The simulator received particularly high ratings for visual realism (mean 4.14) and educational interest (mean 4.48), with postgraduate students providing the highest visual scores (4.26) and experts providing slightly lower scores (4.04). The participants recommended improvements in tissue adhesion, detachment, thickness, and suture resistance to better mimic human tissues. Conclusions The 3D-printed simulator offers a reproducible, ethically sound alternative to animal models, delivering excellent visual fidelity and strong educational value. While tactile feedback requires further refinement, this innovative tool shows promise for improving surgical training in dental education. Future work will focus on optimizing haptic properties and expanding the application of the simulator to other surgical procedures.

Epiduroscopy is a type of spinal intervention that visualizes the epidural space through the sacral hiatus using a fiberoptic scope. However, it is technically difficult to perform compared to conventional interventions and susceptible to complications. Surgery simulator has been shown to be a promising modality for medical education. To develop the epiduroscopy simulator and prove its usefulness for epiduroscopy training, we performed a case-control study including a total of 20 physicians. The participants were classified as the expert group with more than 30 epiduroscopy experiences and the beginner group with less experience. A virtual simulator (EpiduroSIM™, BioComputing Lab, KOREATECH, Cheonan, Republic of Korea) for epiduroscopy was developed by the authors. The performance of the participants was measured by three items: time to reach a virtual target, training score, and number of times the dura and nerve are violated. The training score was better in the expert group (75.00 vs. 67.50; P<0.01). The number of violations was lower in the expert group (3.50 vs. 4.0; P<0.01). The realism of the epidural simulator was evaluated to be acceptable in 40%. Participants improved their simulator skills through repeated attempts. The epiduroscopy simulator helped participants understand the anatomical structure and actual epiduroscopy.

This paper presents a novel three-phase transmission line model for electromagnetic transient simulations that are executed directly within the time domain. This model relies on distributed and frequency-dependent parameters, as well as employs modal transformation for its implementation. The single-phase model of the exact equivalent π-circuit is utilized for each propagation mode. This model combines discrete components, such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors, to accurately emulate the transmission line behavior via linear circuit elements. This model can be seamlessly integrated into various electrical circuit simulation software, thus allowing easy utilization and incorporating time-varying elements to analyze transmission lines. The JMarti model, which comes by default in the Alternative Transient Program, and the numerical Laplace transform method implemented in MATLAB were utilized to validate the proposed solution across various scenarios. An advantage of this model is its independence from the prior calculation of travel time and its exemption from convolutions, inverse Laplace transforms, and Fourier transforms, thus streamlining the simulation process.

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a multi-purpose experiment, under construction in southeast China, that is designed to determine the neutrino mass ordering and precisely measure neutrino oscillation parameters. Monte Carlo simulation plays an important role for JUNO detector design, detector commissioning, offline data processing, and physics processing. The JUNO experiment has the world’s largest liquid scintillator detector instrumented with many thousands of PMTs. The broad energy range of interest, long lifetime, and the large scale present data processing challenges across all areas. This paper describes the JUNO simulation software, highlighting the challenges of JUNO simulation and solutions to meet these challenges, including such issues as support for time-correlated analysis, event mixing, event correlation and handling the simulation of many millions of optical photons.

This study systematically investigates the effects of anode metals (Ti/Au and Ni/Au) with different work functions on the electrical and temperature characteristics of β-Ga[sub.2]O[sub.3]-based Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs), junction barrier Schottky diodes (JBSDs) and P-N diodes (PNDs), utilizing Silvaco TCAD simulation software, device fabrication and comparative analysis. From the perspective of transport characteristics, it is observed that the SBD exhibits a lower turn-on voltage and a higher current density. Notably, the V[sub.on] of the Ti/Au anode SBD is merely 0.2 V, which is the lowest recorded value in the existing literature. The V[sub.on] and current trend of two types of PNDs are nearly consistent, confirming that the contact between Ti/Au or Ni/Au and NiO[sub.x] is ohmic. A theoretical derivation reveals the basic principles of the different contact resistances and current variations. With the combination of SBD and PND, the V[sub.on], current density, and variation rate of the JBSD lie between those of the SBD and PND. In terms of temperature characteristics, all diodes can work well at 200 °C, with both current density and V[sub.on] showing a decreasing trend as the temperature increases. Among them, the PND with a Ni/Au anode exhibits the best thermal stability, with reductions in V[sub.on] and current density of 8.20% and 25.31%, respectively, while the SBD with a Ti/Au anode shows the poorest performance, with reductions of 98.56% and 30.73%. Finally, the reverse breakdown (BV) characteristics of all six devices are tested. The average BV values for the PND with Ti/Au and Ni/Au anodes reach 1575 V and 1550 V, respectively. Moreover, although the V[sub.on] of the JBSD decreases to 0.24 V, its average BV is approximately 220 V. This work could provide valuable insights for the future application of β-Ga[sub.2]O[sub.3]-based diodes in high-power and low-power consumption systems.

The simulation software for the ATLAS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is being used for large-scale production of events on the LHC Computing Grid. This simulation requires many components, from the generators that simulate particle collisions, through packages simulating the response of the various detectors and triggers. All of these components come together under the ATLAS simulation infrastructure. In this paper, that infrastructure is discussed, including that supporting the detector description, interfacing the event generation, and combining the GEANT4 simulation of the response of the individual detectors. Also described are the tools allowing the software validation, performance testing, and the validation of the simulated output against known physics processes.

Slight changes in potassium levels can affect health. Therefore, rapid, reliable, and quantitative determination of potassium ion content is important for medical diagnosis. AlGaN, as a semiconductor material with good biocompatibility, has many advantages in the development of new potassium ion sensors. Understanding the adsorption behavior of a specific ion on the AlGaN surface and the eventual effect on AlGaN/GaN’s heterostructure interface is the key to obtaining high-performance nitride sensors. In this paper, we calculated the changes in the density of states and energy bands of the material after AlGaN adsorbed potassium ions through first-principles simulation. Combined with two-dimensional device simulation software, the changes in device performance caused by the changes in material properties are presented. The simulation results show that the adsorption of a single potassium ion can cause a current change in the order of milliamperes, providing a theoretical reference for the subsequent development of high-sensitivity potassium ion sensors.

This paper presents a novel overcurrent protection scheme based on digital twins for a distribution network with distributed energy resources. A coordination protection standard is employed to perform settings and coordinate intelligent electronic devices, evaluating the effects of distributed energy resources. In addition, some integration criteria for distributed energy resources are proposed to identify the impact on overcurrent protections. The power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) scheme is designed to develop digital twins (DT) that connect the real relays to the simulated network. Moreover, a standard for substation automation is employed to define the communication protocol for reading Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) messages. Furthermore, the IEEE 13-node test feeder is employed to validate the method and model in the real-time simulation software. The results show a miscoordination of the overcurrent protection scheme installed in the distribution network with the action of different distributed energy resources.

With the rapid development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (tr-RIXS) has attracted more attention. The preliminary designs of the tr-RIXS branchline and expected performance characteristics at the Shenzhen Superconducting Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser (S[sup.3]FEL) are presented. A start-to-end simulation of the tr-RIXS branchline based on the 6-D phase space ray-tracing method of beamline simulation software package FURION was performed. The simulation design satisfies the key requirements of the tr-RIXS branchline, including spatial dispersion in the vertical dimension, temporal resolution, energy resolution, efficient utilization of SASE spectral photons, and spatial uniformity of the beam spot sizes across different wavelengths.