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Research Summary Firms' strategy choices are contextually dependent, yet internally delimited. A radical shift in institutional context forces firms to reevaluate the desirability and suitability of current strategies and assess the potential of new strategic opportunities. From 1970 to 1995, the Indian pharmaceutical industry operated under a process‐focused intellectual property regime and enjoyed legal protection to reverse engineer brand name drugs. In 1995, this protection ended with the introduction of the trade‐related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) Act. We examine the innovation response of Indian pharmaceutical firms in light of this regime shift focusing on the underlying internal factors influencing firms' strategic choices. We find that the scope and balance of firms' knowledge bases, which set capabilities and influence decision framing, dictate firms' innovative response. We further document how firms' strategic choices contribute to firm financial performance and the reshaping of the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Managerial Summary From 1970 to 1995, the Indian pharmaceutical industry operated under a process‐focused intellectual property regime and enjoyed legal protection to reverse engineer brand name drugs. Following TRIPS in 1995, the intellectual property regime in India became stronger, with product patent enforcement being recognized. Indian pharmaceutical firms had to make strategic choices on the kind of innovation they would pursue under this new IP regime. This article shows that having broad and nonspecialized knowledge assets allowed firms to pursue the most novel innovation and engage in new product development. Having T‐shaped assets, that is, broad knowledge scope yet narrowly focused knowledge expertise, allowed firms to pursue process‐based innovation in areas close to their existing areas of expertise but not necessarily engage in new product development. The findings of this article shed light on what kind of knowledge base and workforce allows firms to adjust to technological and contextual changes.

Fishway design not only takes into account the swimming abilities of target fishes, but also considers the hydrodynamic characteristics within the fishway. In this study, the flow fields of one vertical-slot fishway ( VSF), five T-shape fishways ( TSF-1~TSF-5) and two H-shape fishways (i.e. HSF-1 and HSF-2) are numerically simulated by solving the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the K-Omega-SST turbulence model. The numerical results clearly indicate that the hydrodynamic properties of HSF-2 are overall superior to the remaining seven cases, in terms of the time-averaged flow pattern, the time-averaged velocity magnitude, the depth-mean time-averaged velocity magnitude along the vertical-slot section, the volume percentages of the time-averaged velocity magnitude less than some critical values, and the distribution of the time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy. Therefore, HSF-2 is more friendly for fishes with relatively smaller sizes and weaker swimming capacities to transfer upstream. The novel HSF-2 is firstly proposed in this paper, and it is naturally designed during the process of improving the flow regime. Furthermore, the generalizability of the superiority of HSF-2 over VSF and the original T-shape fishway ( TSF-1) has been exhibited with the aid of the numerical results of four operating conditions ( = 400 L/s, 600 L/s, 800 L/s and 1000 L/s).

To address the poor adaptability of traditional mortar baseplates on urban hard ground, a novel T-shaped combined baseplate structure is proposed. It consists of three parts—the main body, fixed shaft, and adjustable fixed plate—enabling rapid field assembly and stable launching across different terrains. A Three-Dimensional finite element model of the baseplate–gun tail assembly is established based on elastoplastic theory, and multi-condition simulations under firing loads are performed using an explicit dynamic algorithm. Results indicate that the maximum stress (575.8 MPa) occurs at the T-shaped baseplate–fixed shaft connection, below the material yield strength (860 MPa) with a safety factor of 1.5, meeting strength requirements. The maximum backward displacement is 20.3 mm at a 75° firing angle, demonstrating launch stability on concrete ground. This study offers a new theoretical and technical basis for optimizing mortar recoil devices in urban combat.

An ultra-high plasmonic refractive index sensing structure composed of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide coupled to a T-shape cavity and several metal nanorod defects is proposed and investigated by using finite element method. The designed plasmonic MIM waveguide can constitute a cavity resonance zone and the metal nanorod defects can effectively trap the light in the T-shape cavity. The results reveal that both the size of defects in wider rectangular cavity and the length of narrower rectangular cavity are primary factors increasing the sensitivity performance. The sensitivity can achieve as high as 8280 nm/RIU (RIU denotes the refractive index unit), which is the highest sensitivity reported in plasmonic MIM waveguide-based sensors to our knowledge. In addition, the proposed structure can also serve as a temperature sensor with temperature sensitivity as high as 3.30 nm/°C. The designed structure with simplicity and ease of fabrication can be applied in sensitivity nanometer scale refractive index sensor and may potentially be used in optical on-chip nanosensor.

The corrosion of T-bolts in the modular equipment compartment of the high-speed train unit caused by its environmental impact greatly affects operational safety and reduces transportation efficiency. In order to restore safe operating speed and improve transportation efficiency, it is necessary to conduct disease-cause analysis and treatment. This article analyzes and explains the corrosion of the T-bolts in the modular equipment compartment of the high-speed train unit, and adopts the zinc infiltration method and Dacromet method as repair processes. Salt spray corrosion experiments, thermal shock corrosion experiments, and electrochemical experiments are conducted on the original parts, zinc infiltrated parts, and Dacromet parts to simulate the actual application conditions of T-bolts. The results indicate that the corrosion of T-bolts is caused by alkaline environments and is divided into two types: T-bolt head corrosion and T-bolt thread corrosion. The Dacromet process treatment of T-shaped bolts improves their corrosion resistance, thereby achieving the reuse of T-shaped bolts.

The DNA replisome performs concerted parental-strand separation and DNA synthesis on both strands. Gao et al. report the cryo–electron microscopy structures of the minimum set of bacteriophage T7 proteins that can carry out leading- and lagging-strand synthesis at the replication fork (see the Perspective by Li and O'Donnell). Three key enzymes involved in DNA replication—DNA polymerase, helicase, and primase—were visualized in complex with substrate DNA, demonstrating their highly dynamic organizations on both strands. Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic replisomes reveals evolutionarily conserved operating principles and provides a structural basis for understanding coordination among DNA replication, recombination, and repair. Science , this issue p. eaav7003 ; see also p. 814 Cryo-EM structures of the bacteriophage T7 replisome carry out concerted leading- and lagging-strand DNA synthesis. Visualization in atomic detail of the replisome that performs concerted leading– and lagging–DNA strand synthesis at a replication fork has not been reported. Using bacteriophage T7 as a model system, we determined cryo–electron microscopy structures up to 3.2-angstroms resolution of helicase translocating along DNA and of helicase-polymerase-primase complexes engaging in synthesis of both DNA strands. Each domain of the spiral-shaped hexameric helicase translocates sequentially hand-over-hand along a single-stranded DNA coil, akin to the way AAA+ ATPases (adenosine triphosphatases) unfold peptides. Two lagging-strand polymerases are attached to the primase, ready for Okazaki fragment synthesis in tandem. A β hairpin from the leading-strand polymerase separates two parental DNA strands into a T-shaped fork, thus enabling the closely coupled helicase to advance perpendicular to the downstream DNA duplex. These structures reveal the molecular organization and operating principles of a replisome.

The droplet dynamics in the microchannels are exceptionally sophisticated, and there are many factors that can affect the formation, motion and interaction of micro-droplets. The insufficient understanding of the flow mechanism in microchannels has become a primary constraint to the development of efficient micro-droplet equipment. This paper focuses on the microscale multiphase flow, using the two-phase lattice Boltzmann model and numerical methods to conduct research on the mechanism and process of droplet formation inside T-shaped microchannels. It is demonstrated that the formation of droplets presents three stages: the entering stage, formation stage and shedding stage. With the variation of Ca number, the droplet formation manifests in three different modes: squeezing mode, dripping mode and jetting mode. When the flow ratio remains constant, the droplet length decreases with the increase of Ca number, and the interface fracture position moves downstream.

Insulation defects inside a Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) can generate partial discharges, and the current pulses caused by them can excite ultra-high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic waves. To study the attenuation characteristics of UHF signal propagation in GIS, simulation models of the straight cylinder, insulator, L-type, and T-type structures are established by CST simulation software. Then the propagation characteristics of partial discharge UHF signal are studied and analyzed. The simulation results show that the electromagnetic wave propagates in each structure inside the GIS with different degrees of attenuation. When passing through insulators continuously, the first insulator has the most serious attenuation; when passing through T-shaped structures, the attenuation of T-shaped vertical branches is more serious than linear branches.

The persistence of this work is to analyze the magneto-thermogravitational convective flow characteristic of Cu - Al 2 O 3 -water hybrid nanoliquid in a T-shaped wavy chamber. A key novelty of this research is the exploration of how the surface waviness of the T-shaped chamber influences its thermal performance. The fluid flow and energy transport characteristics are analyzed through the shape of streamlines, isolines, and average Nusselt numbers. Various key parametric values are considered, including the Rayleigh number ( 10 3 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6 ), Hartmann number ( 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 40 ), magnetic field orientation ( 0 ∘ ≤ γ ≤ 90 ∘ ), hybrid nanoparticles volume fraction ( 0 ≤ ϕ hnp ≤ 0.04 ), magnetic number ( 0 ≤ δ 0 ≤ 1 ), shape factor ( m ) of the hybrid nanoparticles, chamber aspect ratio ( 0.2 ≤ AR ≤ 0.8 ), and the number of undulations ( d ) on the wavy surface. The obtained results exhibit a significant enhancement in thermal performance as the Rayleigh number (Ra), magnetic orientation ( γ ), aspect ratio (AR), undulation number ( d ), and solid concentration ( ϕ hnp ) increase. Specifically, the increase in solid concentration from 0 to 4 % leads to a remarkable enhancement in the mean heat transfer rate, with improvements of up to 12.62 % for d = 0 , 12.64 % for d = 1 , 12.52 % for d = 2 , and 12.50 % for d = 3 . The shape factor ( m ) of the hybrid nanoparticles plays a critical role in thermal transmission within the T-shaped wavy chamber. Platelet-shaped nanoparticles ( m = 5.7 ) exhibit the highest heat transfer rate, closely followed by cylindrical-shaped nanoparticles ( m = 4.8 ), tetrahedron-shaped nanoparticles ( m = 4.0613 ), and spherical-shaped nanoparticles ( m = 3 ). Furthermore, as the undulation number ( d ) increases from 0 to 3, the mean Nusselt number ( Nu av ) shows notable increases of up to 10.63% for spherical particles ( m = 3 ), 8.23% for tetrahedron-shaped nanoparticles ( m = 4.0613 ), 6.51% for cylindrical nanoparticles ( m = 4.8 ), and 6.63% for platelet nanoparticles ( m = 5.7 ). These findings highlight the significant influence of key parameters on the thermal performance of the T-shaped wavy chamber and provide valuable insights for optimizing heat transfer in various engineering applications.

A new design of wideband branch-line coupler (BLC) using T-shape with open stub microstrip line is proposed. The branch line coupler is integrated with low and high impedance λ/4 transmission lines to achieve the comparatively compact size of (27.2 mm × 16.5 mm). operating the bandwidth in simulated of BLC from 2.9 to 4 GHz is obtained 30.22% with a frequency center of 3.5 GHz. Meanwhile, the measured bandwidth of the BLC is cover from 2.8 GHz to 4.22 GHz is equal 33.40% at the center frequency 3.55 GHz respectively. The BLC simulated has low isolation and high return loss of -29.28 dB and -30.69 dB at the center frequency 3.5 GHz.Whereas, the measured result has a simple difference in the return loss and isolation are -27.43dB and -24.46 dB at the frequency 3.55GHz respectively. This BLC design has a good coupling factor of -2.97 and insertion loss of -3.65 dB. Furthermore, it obtains an excellent amplitude and phases different between two output of ±0.1 and 93.6°±3.4° with high performance. There is a good agreement between the simulated result and the measured result. This branch line coupler design used for 5G applications for future wireless communication systems.