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Premise A comparison of methods using different materials to exclude light from stems to prevent stem CO2 exchange (i.e., photosynthesis), without affecting stem conductance to water vapor, surface temperature, and relative humidity, was conducted on stems of avocado trees in California. Methods and Results The experiment featured three materials: aluminum foil, paper‐based wrap, and mineral‐based paint. We examined stem CO2 exchange with and without the light exclusion treatments. We also examined stem surface temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) under the cover materials. All materials reduced PAR and stem CO2 exchange. However, aluminum foil reduced stem surface temperature and increased relative humidity. Conclusions Methods used to study stem CO2 exchange through light exclusion have historically relied on methods that may induce experimental artifacts. Among the methods tested here, mineral‐based paint effectively reduced PAR without affecting stem surface temperature and relative humidity around the stem. Resumen Premisa Una comparación de diferentes métodos utilizando distintos materiales para bloquear la luz de los tallos y así reducir el intercambio de CO2 (fotosíntesis) sin afectar la conductancia del tallo al vapor de agua, su temperatura superficial y la humedad relativa fue llevado a cabo en tallos de árboles de aguacate en California. Metodología y resultados El experimento se llevó a cabo utilizando tres materiales: papel de aluminio, papel para envoltura y pintura a base de minerales. Se examinó el intercambio de CO2 de los tallos con y sin los materiales de bloqueo de la luz. También se examinó la temperatura de la superficie del tallo, la humedad relativa y la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (PAR por sus siglas en inglés) debajo de los materiales usados para bloquear la luz. Todos los materiales redujeron PAR y el intercambio de CO2 del tallo. Sin embargo, el papel aluminio redujo también la temperatura de la superficie del tallo y aumento la humedad relativa. Conclusiones Los métodos utilizados para estudiar el intercambio de CO2 de los tallos con el ambiente a través del bloqueo de la luz han sido métodos que pueden generar alteraciones no deseadas. Entre los métodos evaluados aquí, la pintura de base mineral fue efectiva reduciendo PAR sin alterar la temperatura superficial del tallo ni la humedad relativa alrededor de este.

Contextualización: La alstroemeria es una flor con gran belleza, amplia gama de colores, larga vida en florero y con una creciente popularidad a nivel mundial. Vacío de investigación: Uno de los principales problemas que afecta la calidad de la flor de corte en el cultivo de alstroemeria es el rajado longitudinal del tallo presente durante las primeras semanas de crecimiento, lo cual origina la pérdida de producción y de calidad comercial. Propósito del estudio: el objetivo fue evaluar diferentes estrategias de fertilización en el control del rajado de tallos en alstroemeria variedad ‘Bali’. Metodología: mediante un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado, se evaluaron cinco tratamientos: testigo con fertilización convencional, tratamiento con riego adicional, urea adicional, fertilización foliar adicional a base de Ca, B, K y P, y el último con sulfato de potasio adicional, cuya aplicación se realizó una semana después de la siembra. Resultados y conclusiones: La aplicación de sulfato de potasio mostró los mayores valores de diámetro del tallo con 0,835 cm. El número de flores por tallo no se vio afectado de forma significativa, no obstante, la aplicación de sulfato de potasio mostró valores superiores de 7,38 flores por tallo a las 27 semanas después de siembra. La fertilización foliar adicional con calcio, boro, potasio y fósforo afectó de manera significativa, al aumentar la producción y reducir el porcentaje de tallos rajados en el cultivo de Alstroemeria. Es fundamental distribuir en un mayor número de aplicaciones las cantidades de nitrógeno durante el desarrollo del cultivo para evitar un crecimiento desproporcionado del tallo y prevenir fisiopatías.

The parasitoid wasp, Telenomus alecto (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), is reported for the first time parasitizing Diatraea magnifactella Dyar (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Jalisco, Mexico. The occurrence of Te. alecto was discovered in May 2017 during a survey of egg parasitoids of D. magnifactella. The field survey was conducted on Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) in Etzatlan, Jalisco, Mexico. In total, 656 eggs were collected, of which 401 were parasitized. The identity of the parasitoids was determined on the basis of morphological evidence and we here provide the barcoding region (COI). El parasitoide Telenomus alecto (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) es reportado por primera vez parasitando Diatraea magnifactella Dyar (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) en Jalisco, México. Telenomus alecto fue descubierto en mayo de 2017 durante un estudio sobre los parasitoides de huevo de D. magnifactella. El estudio de campo se realizó en Etzatlan, Jalisco, México sobre Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae). En total, se recolectaron 656 huevos, de los cuales 401 estuvieron parasitados. La identidad de los parasitoides se determinó por morfología y mediante la región del código de barras (COI).

Water contamination has always been one of the greatest intense environmental issues. Rivers are more polluted than the other surface and underground water resources, since passing through different areas. The current study aimed to examine the exactitude of artificial neural networks (ANN) and wavelet-ANN (WANN) models in estimating the concentrations of pollutants including Cl, EC, Mg, and TDS by comparing the results of the observed data. Tallo River in Indonesia was selected as the case study. The concentrations of pollutant parameters Cl, EC, Mg, and TDS were available and used between 2010 and 2022. Then 70% (100 months) of the data were considered as training data, while 30% (44 months) were supposed to be the testing ones. ANN and WANN models were examined to evaluate and predict the concentrations of pollutants in river water. The results of each model were compared to the observed data, and the models' accuracy was assessed. The results demonstrated that applying wavelet transform improved the precision of simulation. All efficiency criteria associated with the WANN model yielded superior results compared to the ANN model. The findings indicated that using the hybrid method with wavelet transformation ameliorated the ANN model's exactitude by 10% during training and 16% during testing. Finally, the findings exhibited that the WANN method is better than ANN; consequently, the former has performed more exactitude modeling in the estimation of water quality.

This study is the first report of the stalk borer Diatraea impersonatella (Walker) on sugarcane in Honduras. A total of 167 larvae were collected from sugarcane crops in the Department Francisco Morazán, Municipality Villa de San Francisco, Honduras, during November 2022 to January 2023. The larval specimens were reared with the objective of obtaining adults for the morphological identification of the species through the inspection of male genitalia. Este estudio es el primer reporte del barrenador del tallo Diatraea impersonatella (Walker) en caña de azúcar en Honduras. Se recolectaron un total de 167 larvas de cultivos de caña de azúcar en el Departamento Francisco Morazán, Municipio Villa de San Francisco, Honduras, durante noviembre de 2022 a enero de 2023. Los ejemplares larvales se criaron con el objetivo de obtener adultos para la identificación morfológica de la especie a través de la inspección de los genitales masculinos.

Tallo Village, Agampacayya area is one of the Under-resourced neighbourhood/area areas in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province. The District Government categorizes the area as a Under-resourced neighbourhood/area area following regional regulations from 2015 to 2020. Over time, the area has increased because Tallo Village is located in a strategic economic area, the Center for Trade, Trade and Services Economy, Makassar City, South Sulawesi. Physical development took place in this area without any planning process. This impacts the deviation of the use of space, resulting in the inadequate arrangement of buildings in this area. However, the response from stakeholders (government, community and private sector) has been slow. It will have a massive environmental degradation impact on the coastal area of Agampacayya, Tallo Vilage. This study aimed to formulate a strategy for developing Under-resourced neighbourhood/area settlements in Tallo Vilage, Kampung Nelayan. This descriptive research used two analysis methods: quantitatively to answer the first problem and qualitatively to answer the second and third problems. The results showed that the settlement of Kampung Nelayan, Tallo Village was included in the village typology with a medium to high category of Under-resourced neighbourhood/areas. The SWOT analysis results show that handling Under-resourced neighbourhood/area settlements in Kampung Nelayan Tallo Village can be done through strategic combinations of strengths and opportunities to overcome existing weaknesses and threats. The results of the calculation of the strategy formulation show that handling the treatment of Kampung Nelayan Under-resourced neighbourhood/areas prioritizes strategies from a combination of strengths (S) - Opportunities (O) for the development of Under-resourced neighbourhood/area settlements in Kampung Nalayan Tallo Village.

Tallo watershed has a length of 70 km, its area width is 407.00 ¬¬km 2 , the river upstream or downstream is at an altitude of ± 1,100 m above sea level located on Mount Kaliapolompo in which the overall length of the river in Tallo watershed totaling ± 131.50 km2. The research objective was to analyze the effect of five-year flood discharge and tidal changes on the inundation area and flood depth in Tallo watershed. The method of rainfall analysis used the Log Pearson type III method where the flow is considered to be two horizontal dimensions with even velocity at each depth. A five-year period with a discharge value of 127.64 m 3 /s will statistically reoccur every five years with an estimated chance of occurrence of 0.2 or 20% for each year referred to in a 5-year review cycle. The results of the simulation were then known that the five-year flood discharge resulted in flooding with a depth of 0-3 meters from the maximum tide condition (HWSL), and an inundation area of 31.91 km 2 inundated the Tallo District, Tamalanrea District, Panakukang District, West Biringkanaya District and northern Manggala District. These areas are located on the left and right of the Tallo River with an altitude between 0 and 2 meters above sea level.

Premise The quantification of plant drought resistance, particularly embolism formation, within and across species, is critical for ecosystem management and agriculture. We developed a cost‐effective protocol to measure the water potential at which 50% of hydraulic conductivity (P50) is lost in stems, using affordable and accessible materials in comparison to the traditional optical method. Methods and Results Our protocol uses inexpensive USB microscopes, which are secured along with the plants to a pegboard base to avoid movement. A Python program automatized the image acquisition. This method was applied to quantify P50 in an exotic species (Nicotiana glauca) and native species (Rhus integrifolia) of the Mediterranean vegetation in Baja California, Mexico. Conclusions The intra‐ and interspecific patterns of variation in stem P50 of N. glauca and R. integrifolia were obtained using the low‐cost optical method with widely available and affordable materials that can be easily replicated for other species. Resumen Premisa La cuantificación inter e intraespecífica de la resistencia de las plantas a la sequía, mediante la formación de embolismos, es fundamental para el manejo de ecosistemas y agricultura. Desarrollamos un método rentable para medir el potencial hídrico en el que se pierde 50% de la conductividad hidráulica (P50) en tallos, utilizando materiales asequibles y accesibles en comparación con el método óptico tradicional. Métodos y resultados Nuestro protocolo consiste en utilizar microscopios USB económicos que se aseguran con plantas en una base perforada para evitar su movimiento. Automatizamos con Python la adquisición de imágenes y cuantificamos P50 en una especie exótica (Nicotiana glauca) y una nativa (Rhus integrifolia) de la vegetación mediterránea en Baja California, México. Conclusiones Los patrones intra e interespecíficos de variación en el P50 de N. glauca y R. integrifolia se obtuvieron con el método óptico con materiales disponibles y asequibles y puede replicarse fácilmente con otras especies.

Rivers are natural elements, and rivers play an important role in shaping the style of the community. The Tallo River in Makassar has advantages in economy, entertainment and transportation. But almost every year, the area along the river is always flood. this probelm can be solved by examine the phenomena and conditions of the level of flood watersheds vulnerability using hydrological approach through Muskingum kinematic methods, which is a common flood routing methods. By approaching the hydrological conditions of the Tallo river watershed, the results of this study are expected to provide the best alternative treatment options. The flood discharge value is executed based on the rainfall data that collected from three stations along the river namely Hasanuddin, Malino and Senre. After that, the flood discharge plan is conducted to obtaing the outflow value by using the inflow value through Muskingum method. The length of the river considered in this study is about 20 km, and it is divided into 5 segments every 4 km. The x value is between 0.1 and 0.3, and the K value is between 0.16-0.57. The obtained maximum flood discharge from the Muskingum calculation for the 2-year return period occurred at 801,330 m3/sec with an X value = 0.1 and K = 0.58.

Sugar cane stem borers, Diatraea spp. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), are the most important pests affecting sugar cane in Colombia. To date, the use of egg parasitoids such as Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), and larval parasitoids such as Billaea claripalpis Wulp and Lydella minense Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) have been the principal biological control approaches for pest management. However, a pest outbreak of Diatraea tabernella Dyar in the northern Cauca River Valley demonstrated that conventional control measures are insufficient, and that new pest control methods must be sought. Field evaluations were made using 2 sources of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a commercial colony maintained in the laboratory, and a colony recovered from previous field releases (field-refreshed). Three releases of the parasitoid were made, each release consisting of 4 g of C. flavipes cocoons (about 4,000 wasps) per ha. The results from both sources of C. flavipes were compared with check plots where no releases were made. Larvae of D. tabernella were collected 2 different times (45 d and 75 d after the first release) and observed in laboratory. The proportion of larval parasitism ranged between 0.32 and 0.55, with no significant differences between sources of C. flavipes. Parasitism differed significantly from the check plots, where the proportion of larval parasitism was less than 0.1. Our results indicate that wasps from the check plots experienced an increase in the number of cocoons and wasps per parasitized larva between the first and the second larval collection. The high levels of parasitism in fields where C. flavipes was released resulted in a reduction of up to 65% in the percentage of bored internodes, demonstrating the potential of this natural enemy to effectively control D. tabernella. Changes in the number of progeny per parasitized larvae (cocoons and wasps) in the check plots can be explained as the increase of parasitoids in an area under the influence of nearby releases, and the subsequent effects of multiple parasitism. In addition, comparisons between the 2 parasitoid sources indicate higher biological efficiency in the field-refreshed plots expressed in an increase in adult longevity between the first and second collection times.