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Introduction: Players' motor performance relies on different internal and external factors. Seasonal temperature is one of the major external factors influencing motor performance of the cricketers. Objective: Study aimed to assess the role of high and low seasonal temperatures on selected motor components of cricketers. Methodology: A repeated measure design was adopted. 100 cricketers were randomly selected. Data were collected on selected motor components in two seasonal temperature ranges: 39.7℃ - 42.3℃ and 6.9℃ - 9.5℃. Cooper's 12-minute run test, Illinois agility test, sit-ups, medicine ball throw test, and reaction ball exercise tests were used as data collection tools for measuring predicted maximal oxygen consumption (predicted VO 2 ), agility, abdominal strength, upper body strength, and hand-eye coordination respectively. Post normality check suggested to use Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Results: Findings showed significant difference on predicted VO 2 , agility, upper body strength, and hand-eye coordination p<0.01, while insignificant difference was observed on abdominal strength p>0.05. Discussion: Findings of the study contrasted with Gamage et al., (2016) for VO 2 , Gatterer et al. (2021) for upper body strength, Ünal (2002) and Racinais & Oksa (2010) for hand-eye coordination. Conclusions: High temperature positively affects the predicted VO 2 and agility of cricketers whereas upper body strength and hand-eye coordination were found enhanced during low temperature. Recorded difference on abdominal strength may be due to some random chance rather than a true underlying effect. Introducción: El rendimiento motor de los jugadores depende de diferentes factores internos y externos. La temperatura estacional es uno de los principales factores externos que influyen en el rendimiento motor de los jugadores de críquet. Objetivo: El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el papel de las temperaturas estacionales altas y bajas en componentes motores seleccionados de los jugadores de críquet. Metodología: Se adoptó un diseño de medidas repetidas. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 100 jugadores de críquet. Se recopilaron datos sobre componentes motores seleccionados en dos rangos de temperatura estacionales: 39,7 °C - 42,3 °C y 6,9 °C - 9,5 °C. Se utilizaron la prueba de carrera de 12 minutos de Cooper, la prueba de agilidad de Illinois, abdominales, la prueba de lanzamiento de balón medicinal y las pruebas de ejercicio con balón de reacción como herramientas de recopilación de datos para medir el consumo máximo de oxígeno previsto (VO2 previsto), la agilidad, la fuerza abdominal, la fuerza del tren superior y la coordinación ojo-mano, respectivamente. Tras la comprobación de normalidad, se sugirió utilizar la prueba de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon.  Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una diferencia significativa en el VO2 previsto, la agilidad, la fuerza de la parte superior del cuerpo y la coordinación mano-ojo p<0,01, mientras que se observó una diferencia insignificante en la fuerza abdominal p>0,05. Discusión: Los hallazgos del estudio contrastaron con los de Gamage et al. (2016) para el VO2, Gatterer et al. (2021) para la fuerza del tren superior, y Ünal (2002) y Racinais y Oksa (2010) para la coordinación mano-ojo. Conclusiones: Las altas temperaturas afectan positivamente el VO2 predicho y la agilidad de los jugadores de críquet, mientras que la fuerza del tren superior y la coordinación mano-ojo mejoraron con bajas temperaturas. La diferencia registrada en la fuerza abdominal podría deberse a la casualidad, más que a un efecto subyacente real. Introdução: O desempenho do motor dos jogadores depende de diferentes fatores internos e externos. A temperatura estacional é um dos principais fatores externos que influenciam o desempenho do motor dos jogadores de críquete. Objectivo: O estúdio tuvo tem como objectivo avaliar o papel das temperaturas estacionais altas e baixas nos componentes motores seleccionados dos jugadores de críquete. Metodologia: Foi adotado um projeto de medidas repetidas. Selecione aleatoriamente 100 jogadores de críquet. São recolhidos dados sobre componentes motores selecionados em gamas de temperatura estacionais: 39,7 °C - 42,3 °C e 6,9 ​​​​°C - 9,5 °C. Utilize o teste de carreira de 12 minutos de Cooper, o teste de agilidade de Illinois, abdominal, o teste de lançamento de balão medicinal e os testes de exercício com balão de reação como ferramentas de recolha de dados para medir o consumo máximo de oxigénio previsto (VO2 previsto), a agilidade, a força abdominal, a força do trem superior e a coordenação olho-mano, respetivamente. Após a verificação de normalidade, foi sugerido usar a teste de rangos com o signo de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Os resultados mostram uma diferença significativa no VO2 previsto, a agilidade, a força da parte superior do corpo e a coordenação mano-ojo p<0,01, enquanto se observava uma diferença insignificante na força abdominal p>0,05. Discussão: Os hallazgos do estúdio contrastaram com os de Gamage et al. (2016) para o VO2, Gatterer et al. (2021) para a força do trem superior, e Ünal (2002) e Racinais y Oksa (2010) para a coordenação mano-ojo. Conclusões: As altas temperaturas afetam positivamente o preço do VO2 e a agilidade dos jogadores de críquete, enquanto a força do trem superior e a coordenação mão-olho melhoram com as baixas temperaturas. A diferença registada na força abdominal pode resultar em casualidade, para além de um efeito subyacente real.

Studies under constant temperatures are the most common to estimate the Postmortem Interval (PMI). It is imperative that forensic sciences have data from studies carried out in the field. Therefore, this work aims to: (1) evaluate the parameters (weight, length, development time) associated with the life cycles of Lucilia ochricornis (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia purpurascens (Walker) under experimental conditions in the field considering fluctuating temperatures, and (2) compare these results with those known and published by the same authors for cultures realized in the laboratory under constant temperatures; which will permit us to contrast the most widely used existing methodologies for forensic application in estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). For each season of the year, cultures of both species were made in the field, collecting information on temperature, humidity, and photoperiod to perform laboratory cultures, later comparing: development time, length, weight, and Accumulated Degree-Hours (ADH) in both types of cultures. Methods for estimating the PMI were obtained and validated with the information of the cultures grown in the field. The two types of cultures showed differences between each other for both species. The forensic use methods to estimate PMI were enhanced and their precision increased when maximum larval length data were used, and it was also concluded that feeding larval stages are the most accurate to be used in making estimates because the larva is growing. The estimation of the PMI through the use of necrophagous flies development remains reliable for obtaining the PMImin.

Extreme cold and heat have been linked to an increased risk of occupational injuries. However, the evidence is still limited to a small number of studies of people with relatively few injuries and with a limited geographic extent, and the corresponding economic effect has not been studied in detail. We assessed the relationship between ambient temperatures and occupational injuries in Spain along with its economic effect. The daily number of occupational injuries that caused at least one day of leave and the daily maximum temperature were obtained for each Spanish province for the years 1994-2013. We estimated temperature-injuries associations with distributed lag nonlinear models, and then pooled the results using a multivariate meta-regression model. We calculated the number of injuries attributable to cold and heat, the corresponding workdays lost, and the resulting economic effect. The study included 15,992,310 occupational injuries. Overall, 2.72% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.44-2.97] of all occupational injuries were attributed to nonoptimal ambient temperatures, with moderate heat accounting for the highest fraction. This finding corresponds to an estimated 0.67 million (95% CI: 0.60-0.73) person-days of work lost every year in Spain due to temperature, or an annual average of 42 d per 1,000 workers. The estimated annual economic burden is €370 million, or 0.03% of Spain's GDP (€2,015). Our findings suggest that extreme ambient temperatures increased the risk of occupational injuries, with substantial estimated health and economic costs. These results call for public health interventions to protect workers in the context of climate change. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2590.

Air temperature data from many locations worldwide are only available as series of daily minima and maxima temperatures. Historically, several different approaches have been used to estimate the actual daily mean temperature, as only in the last two or three decades automatic thermometers are able to compute its actual value. The most common approach is to estimate it by averaging the daily minima and maxima. When only daily minima and maxima are available, an alternative approach, proposed by Dall’Amico and Hornsteiner in 2006, uses the two daily extremes together with next day minima temperature and a coefficient related to the local daily astronomical sunset time. Additionally, the method uses two optimizable coefficients related to the region’s temperature profile. In order to use this approach it is necessary to optimize the region’s unknown parameters. For this optimization, it is necessary a dataset containing the maxima, minima, and the actual daily mean temperatures for at least one year. In this research, for the period 2007-2014, we used three datasets of minima, maxima and actual mean temperatures obtained at three automatic meteorological stations located in the Douro Valley to optimize the two unknown parameters in the Dall’Amico and Hornsteiner approach. Moreover, we compared the actual mean daily temperatures available from the three datasets with the correspondent values estimated by using i) the usual approach of averaging the daily maxima and minima temperatures and ii) the Dall’Amico and Hornsteiner approach. Results show that the former approach overestimates, on average, the daily mean temperatures by 0.5ºC. The Dall’Amico and Hornsteiner approach showed to be a better approximation of mean temperatures for the three meteorological stations used in this research, being unbiased relative to the actual mean values of daily temperatures. In conclusion, this research confirms that the Dall’Amico and Hornsteiner is a better approach to estimate the mean daily temperatures and provides the optimized parameters for three sites located at each of the three sub-regions of the Douro Valley (Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo and Douro Superior). Os dados relativos à temperatura do ar, em muitos locais do mundo, estão apenas disponíveis na forma de séries diárias de temperaturas mínimas e máximas. Historicamente, várias abordagens diferentes têm sido usadas para estimar a temperatura média diária, dado que só nas últimas duas ou três décadas termômetros automáticos são capazes de calcular seu valor real. A abordagem mais comum, é estimá-la utilizando a média aritmética das temperaturas mínimas e máximas diárias. Quando apenas os mínimos e máximos diários estão disponíveis, uma abordagem alternativa, proposta em 2006 por Dall’Amico e Hornsteiner, usa os dois extremos diários juntamente com a temperatura mínima do dia seguinte e um coeficiente relacionado com a hora astronómica do pôr do sol, no local. Além disso, o método usa dois coeficientes optimizáveis, relacionados com o perfil de temperatura da região. Para usar essa abordagem é necessário otimizar os parâmetros desconhecidos da região. Para esta otimização, é necessário um conjunto de dados contendo os máximos, mínimos e as temperaturas médias diárias reais de, pelo menos, um ano. Neste trabalho, para optimizar os dois parâmetros utilizados na abordagem proposta por Dall’Amico e Hornsteiner, no período de 2007 a 2014, foram utilizados três conjuntos de dados de mínimos, máximos e temperaturas médias reais, obtidas em três estações meteorológicas automáticas localizadas na Revião do Douro. Além disso, comparamos as temperaturas médias diárias reais, disponíveis em cada um dos três conjuntos de dados obtidos nas três estações meteorológicas, com os valores correspondentes, estimados usando i) a abordagem usual da média aritmética das temperaturas máximas e mínimas diárias e ii) a abordagem de Dall’Amico e Hornsteiner. Os resultados mostram que a primeira abordagem superestima, em média, as temperaturas médias diárias em 0,5ºC. A abordagem de por Dall’Amico e Hornsteiner mostrou ser uma melhor aproximação das temperaturas médias nas três estações meteorológicas utilizadas neste trabalho, sendo não-enviesadas em relação aos valores médios reais das temperaturas diárias. Em conclusão, este trabalho confirma que a abordagem de Dall’Amico e Hornsteiner é melhor para estimar temperaturas médias diárias. São fornecidos os parâmetros optimizados para os três locais, situados em cada uma das três sub-regiões do Douro Vale (Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo e Douro Superior)

We assessed the importance of temperature, salinity, and prédation for the size structure of Zooplankton and provided insight into the future ecological structure and function of shallow lakes in a warmer climate. Artificial plants were introduced in eight comparable coastal shallow brackish lakes located at two contrasting temperatures: cold-temperate and Mediterranean climate region. Zooplankton, fish, and macroinvertebrates were sampled within the plants and at open-water habitats. The fish communities of these brackish lakes were characterized by small-sized individuals, highly associated with submerged plants. Overall, higher densities of small planktivorous fish were recorded in the Mediterranean compared to the cold-temperate region, likely reflecting temperature-related differences as have been observed in freshwater lakes. Our results suggest that fish prédation is the major control of Zooplankton size structure in brackish lakes, since fish density was related to a decrease in mean body size and density of Zooplankton and this was reflected in a unimodal shaped biomass-size spectrum with dominance of small sizes and low size diversity. Salinity might play a more indirect role by shaping Zooplankton communities toward more salt-tolerant species. In a global-warming perspective, these results suggest that changes in the trophic structure of shallow lakes in temperate regions might be expected as a result of the warmer temperatures and the potentially associated increases in salinity. The decrease in the density of largebodied Zooplankton might reduce the grazing on phytoplankton and thus the chances of maintaining the clear water state in these ecosystems.

A monitoring programme was established to collect plankton samples and information of environmental variables over the shelf off the island of Gran Canaria during 2005 and 2006. It produced a detailed snapshot of the composition and seasonal assemblages of the decapod larvae community in this locality, in the subtropical waters of the Canary Islands (NE Atlantic), where information about crustacean phenology has been poorly studied. The larval community was mainly composed of benthic taxa, but the contribution of pelagic taxa was also significant. Infraorders Anomura (33.4%) and Caridea (32.8%) accounted for more than half the total collected larvae. High diversity, relatively low larval abundance throughout the year and weak seasonality characterized the annual cycle. However, in relation to the temporal dynamics of temperature, two distinct larval assemblages (cold and warm) were identified that correspond to periods of mixing and stratification of the water column. The results also indicate that larval release times and durations in the subtropical waters are earlier and longer than at other higher latitudes in the NE Atlantic. We detected the presence of larvae of six species that have not yet been reported from the Canary Islands (Pandalina brevirostris, Processa edulis, Necallianasa truncata, Parapenaeus longirostris, Crangon crangon, Nematopagurus longicornis). Finally, this study provides a baseline for future comparisons with respect to fishery pressure and climate variability in this subtropical region.

BackgroundMany factors related to susceptibility or vulnerability to temperature effects on mortality have been proposed in the literature. However, there is limited evidence of effect modification by some individual-level factors such as occupation, colour/race, education level and community-level factors. We investigated the effect modification of the temperature–cardiovascular mortality relationship by individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.MethodsWe used a case-crossover study to estimate the total effect of temperature on cardiovascular mortality in Rio de Janeiro between 2001 and 2018, and the effect modification by individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors. Individual-level factors included sex, age, colour/race, education, and place of death. Neighbourhood-level characteristics included social development index (SDI), income, electricity consumption and demographic change. We used conditional Poisson regression models combined with distributed lag non-linear models, adjusted for humidity and public holidays.ResultsOur results suggest a higher vulnerability to high temperatures among the elderly, women, non-hospitalised deaths, and people with a lower education level. Vulnerability to low temperatures was higher among the elderly, men, non-white people, and for primary education level. As for neighbourhood-level factors, we identified greater vulnerability to low and high temperatures in places with lower SDI, lower income, lower consumption of electricity, and higher demographic growth.ConclusionThe effects of temperature on cardiovascular disease mortality in Rio de Janeiro vary according to individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors. These findings are valuable to inform policymakers about the most vulnerable groups and places, in order to develop more effective and equitable public policies.

BACKGROUND: Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most highly consumed beverage in the world in addition to water. The most common way of preparation is steeping it in hot or cold water.(1) In Colombia, this is a recent trend and the market is growing continuously. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study is to compare the antioxidant characteristics of green tea of four brands sold in Colombia at room and hot-temperature in relation to brewing conditions. METHODS: A set of four commercial brands of green tea (Oriental®, Lipton®, Hindú®, Jaibel®) was used in an aqueous extraction at two temperatures: Cold tea extract (25°C) and hot tea extract (80°C). Total polyphenol concentration (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method; Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined using a spectrophotometric method and the antioxidant capacity was determined by means of both the scavenging of (DPPH) free radical assay, and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Finally, a method for quantifying the catechins present in tea extracts were developed applying high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: The TPC obtained was: 2.53 - 14.63 mg EAG / g sample for cold tea extract and 29.34 - 55.06 mg EAG/g sample for hot tea extract. The TFC was found to vary: 2.67 - 7.08 mg EC/ g sample for the cold tea extract and 5.43- 8.41 mg EC/ g sample for hot tea extract. A similar profile was observed for the antioxidant capacity determined by both methods: for cold tea extract: 22.36 - 41.29 mg TE /g sample for DPPH and 22.95 - 46.25 mg TE/g sample for ORAC. Similarly, for hot tea extract the following ranges were: 38.50 - 110.01 mg TE/g sample for DPPH and 23.40- 113.60 mg TE/g sample for ORAC. In general, the behavior of the two extraction concerning the assay, starting from the best followed this order: Oriental®> Lipton®> Hindú®> Jaibel®. The chromatographic profiles showed the presence of ten compounds. CONCLUSIONS: compounds with higher antioxidant capacity in comparison to extractions at room temperature. This results confirm the fact that extraction of green tea carried out with water at hot temperature leads to the formation of infusions rich in compounds with higher antioxidant capacity in comparison to extractions at room temperature.

Se sintetizaron soportes de Zn-hidroxiapatitas con contenido variable de Zn (0-15% mol Zn); luego fueron impregnados con Mo, como fase activa, y Fe, como promotor. Posteriormente, los sólidos se dividieron en dos porciones: una parte fue calcinada a 400 oC y la otra a 800 oC por 4 h. Todas estas muestras fueron caracterizadas mediante diversas técnicas fisicoquímicas tales como: difracción de rayos X (DRX), espectroscopía de infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier, microscopía electrónica de barrido, reducción a temperatura programada y medidas de área específica por el método BET. Las fases identificadas por DRX fueron: Fe2Mo3,9O14,710.5H2O, Fe2(MoO4)3, Ca19Zn2(PO4)14 y CaMoO4 (scheelita), para las dos temperaturas de calcinación. Finalmente, los precursores fueron empleados en la reacción de hidrodesulfuración de tiofeno, obteniéndose bajos valores de actividad catalítica para los sólidos calcinados a 800 oC, posiblemente debido a las menores superficies específicas y a la poca presencia del molibdeno octaédrico en dichos sólidos.