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In this paper, we present a low-cost, low-power millimeter-wave (mmWave) skeletal joint localization system. High-quality point cloud data are generated using the self-developed BHYY_MMW6044 59–64 GHz mmWave radar device. A sliding window mechanism is introduced to extend the single-frame point cloud into multi-frame time-series data, enabling the full utilization of temporal information. This is combined with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for spatial feature extraction and a bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) for temporal modeling. The proposed spatio-temporal information fusion framework for multi-frame point cloud data fully exploits spatio-temporal features, effectively alleviates the sparsity issue of radar point clouds, and significantly enhances the accuracy and robustness of pose estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system accurately detects 25 skeletal joints, particularly improving the positioning accuracy of fine joints, such as the wrist, thumb, and fingertip, highlighting its potential for widespread application in human–computer interaction, intelligent monitoring, and motion analysis.

PurposeUnderstanding the effect of assortment composition on attentional levels is an essential topic for academic researchers and practitioners. This work has important implications when analyzing the influence of shopping frame time and search effort on the relationship between the reaction to assortment composition and visual attention to stock-keeping units (SKUs) pricing.Design/methodology/approachTwo experimental studies through gauze behavior analysis technology (using eye-tracking equipment) analyze the variable's large assortment, visual attention to SKU pricing, search effort and shopping frame time.FindingsThe results suggest that, although it increases the search effort, a large assortment decreases the visual attention to SKU pricing. Further, our results indicate a moderating effect associated with mitigating the negative effect by medium-low levels of search effort and a moderating impact of time in this relation.Practical implicationsMarketing professionals can carefully optimize the in-store experience by managing the assortment and variety and by influencing consumers' visual attention to SKU pricing along the journey as part of the experience. Assortment and SKU pricing strategies need to be aligned with consumer journey design.Originality/valueOur findings contribute to assortment theory and management by detailing the relationship between consumers' reactions to assortment perception and visual attention to SKU pricing in time flow. We reinforce the importance of considering assortment strategies from the consumer perspective and giving reliable information about in-store behavior.

The conceptualization of time-frames in African societies was presumed to bear elaborate abstract past that connects to ancestors and short future that links to the present time. I argue against this claim and establish that both pasts and futures are elaborate at least in 26 Tanzanian Bantu languages. I used names of sequences of days which discretisize the actual events into eight time-frames, equally four on both sides beyond speech time. These lexical entries are either a retention of proto-Bantu forms or innovations from cosmological bodies (STAR or SUN) and existing lexical entries. I offer evidence to substantiate that points C and D on both sides of the Reichenbach linear model involve retention and innovation of names of days.

Humans are well known for their ability to keep track of social debts over extended periods of time, and for their tendency to preferentially cooperate with closely bonded partners. Non-human primates have been shown to cooperate with kin and non-kin, and reciprocate helpful acts. However, there is ongoing debate over whether they keep track of previous interactions and, if so, whether they can do it over extended periods of time, or are constrained to finalize exchanges within a single encounter. In this study, we used 3000 hours of all-day focal follows of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) to investigate whether both females and males reciprocate grooming within a single interaction, throughout the day, or over longer periods of time. We found that grooming was reciprocated more symmetrically when measured on a long-term, rather than on an immediate or short-term basis. Random giving, general allocation of grooming efforts, similarities among individuals and kinship do not appear to explain these highly reciprocal exchanges. Previously collected consecutive focal follows of single individuals revealed that dyads groomed an average of once every 7 days. Our findings strongly suggest that chimpanzees, similar to humans, are able to keep track of past social interactions, at least for a one-week period, and balance services over repeated encounters.

In this paper, we present an investigation into the stability of equilibrium points and synchronization within a finite time frame for fractional-order Lengyel–Epstein reaction-diffusion systems. Initially, we utilize Lyapunov theory and multiple criteria to examine the finite-time stability of equilibrium points. Following this analysis, we design efficient, interdependent linear controllers. By applying a Lyapunov function, we define new adequate conditions to ensure finite-time synchronization within a specified time interval. Finally, we provide two illustrative examples to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of our proposed method and validate the theoretical outcomes.

This article aims to examine the factors affecting the selection of real-time systems or batch systems in auditing, thereby making judgments about the influence of this choice on audit quality. The purpose is to provide recommendations on which cases to use real-time and batch systems, and how they affect audit quality when choosing one of these processing systems. The study investigates the relationship between data processing systems (real-time systems and batch systems) and audit quality. The article measures and evaluates the influence of factors on the choice of real-time systems or batch systems and their impact on audit quality. Auditing financial statements may involve working with real-time systems that record transactions as they occur or batch systems that process transactions in groups over time. Operational audits may include testing a real-time system that monitors and controls activities instantly or a batch system that aggregates operational data periodically. The choice between these systems depends on factors such as the availability and quality of data, the complexity of the system, and the level of audit risk. Real-time systems often include built-in validation and control features that help identify errors or fraud immediately, allowing for timely corrective actions. As a result, auditors can reduce audit risk and improve overall audit quality when using real-time systems. In contrast, batch systems may limit auditors’ access to up-to-date information, requiring them to rely on sampling or extrapolation methods to gather audit evidence. When working with batch systems, auditors may need to perform additional procedures and apply more subjective judgment, which can increase audit risk and reduce audit quality. In summary, factors such as data characteristics, the nature and performance of tests, the timing of information delivery, and available resources all influence the decision to use a real-time or batch processing system. Implication practices Theoretical implication The article helps readers understand how to apply real-time systems and batch systems in auditing. Real-time and batch systems theory development can help entities to understand how to record transactions as they happen, or batch systems process transactions in batches from which to take control measures and integrated authentication to identify errors or fraud immediately, allowing for timely corrective action. Practical implications For audit firms, the real-time and batch systems help the auditors themselves design audit procedures in a way that is appropriate to the way the client’s data is handled, minimizing audit risk and improve audit quality. Understanding these two ways of handling data also helps businesses in general control information, ensuring accurate and relevant information. Originality/value The study focuses on the role of each real-time system and batch system in auditing, giving opinions that no research has specifically mentioned it. The article also explores practical solutions and ideas for future research, adding uniqueness and value to using real-time and batch systems in auditing and affecting audit quality. Plain language summary Factors affecting the selection of real-time systems or batch systems in auditing This article aims to examine the factors affecting the selection of real-time systems or batch systems in auditing, thereby making judgments about the influence of this choice on audit quality. The purpose is to provide recommendations on which cases to use real-time and batch systems, and how they affect audit quality when choosing one of these processing systems.

Amid the tight competition and subtle differences between the available options, sales promotion has become an important marketing strategy, primarily for e-commerce companies. However, the fast development leaves the sales promotion concept behind. Specifically, the academicians have not reached a solid conclusion about sales promotion features. This study aims to unify the scattered features of sales promotion tools and demonstrate the direct or indirect influence of chosen techniques on behavioral intention. The study identifies six features of sales promotion tools, and they influence consumer behavior directly or indirectly through attractiveness, following the comprehension and non-comprehension models. Future researchers could investigate the joint effect of features, tools, and companies on consumer behavior.

The Conference of the Parties (COPs) resulted in the development of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement to reduce global warming by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and deforestation by 2030. Over 25 years of COPs, coherent information is scanty on the status of the GHG emissions and deforestation within the period of the COP meetings especially after the ushering in of the Kyoto Protocol. With less than a decade to reach 2030, there is need for a review to gauge if the 2030 GHG reduction target is on course. This has a bearing on the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals 1, 13, 14 and 15. A literature-based review was conducted on the status of GHG emissions (prior and during COP meetings) and deforestation covering the COP period. The review reveals that from 1976 to 1995 (prior to COP meetings), the annual GHG emissions were lower (32.44 ± 7 million kiloton) than during the decades (1999–2018) of the COP meetings (38.4 ± 9 million kiloton) ( p  = 0.0001). Forest loss and tree cover loss (deforestation) increased by an average of 3.4 and 20.6 million ha per year, respectively. The COPs have resulted in the establishment of the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund and revamping of the Global Environment Facility on funding and response to proposals, although faced with inconsistent provision of climate finance. As major emitters, developed countries (G20) hold the key to achieving the GHG reduction. Policies that either promote sustainable forestry or reduce the reliance on trees/forests should be implemented.

High-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) is an important marine monitoring technology, and this new regime of radar plays an important role in large-scale, continuous early-warning monitoring at sea. In particular, shipborne HFSWR has wider applications in detecting interesting sea areas, with the advantages of flexible deployment and extended detection capability. Due to the large amount of sea clutter accompanying the echo signals of shipborne HFSWR and the spread of sea clutter due to platform motion, the detection of targets in clutter regions is extremely difficult. In this paper, a multi-frame time-frequency (TF) analysis–based target-detection method is proposed. First, the sea clutter spreading area in the HFSWR echo signal is modeled, and the effects of platform motion and currents on the sea clutter spread are analyzed to determine the sea clutter coverage area; this paper focuses on frequency modeling. Then the TF image (TFI) of each range cell is obtained by TF analysis of the cells within a certain range of the echo signal, and the range cells of possible target points are determined by binary classification of the TFI through a convolutional neural network. Finally, the location of the final target point is obtained by correlation of multi-frame TFIs. Shipborne HFSWR field experiments show that the proposed detection method performs well in detecting targets concealed by sea clutter.

(1) Background: Small Animal Fast Insert for MRI detector I (SAFIR-I) is a preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) insert for the Bruker BioSpec 70/30 Ultra Shield Refrigerated (USR) preclinical 7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system. It is designed explicitly for high-rate kinetic studies in mice and rats with injected activities reaching 500MBq, enabling truly simultaneous quantitative PET and Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging with time frames of a few seconds in length. (2) Methods: SAFIR-I has an axial field of view of 54.2mm and an inner diameter of 114mm. It employs Lutetium Yttrium OxyorthoSilicate (LYSO) crystals and Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) arrays. The Position-Energy-Timing Application Specific Integrated Circuit, version 6, Single Ended (PETA6SE) digitizes the MPPC signals and provides time stamps and energy information. (3) Results: SAFIR-I is MR-compatible. The system’s Coincidence Resolving Time (CRT) and energy resolution are between separate-uncertainty 209.0(3)ps and separate-uncertainty 12.41(02) Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) at low activity and separate-uncertainty 326.89(12)ps and separate-uncertainty 20.630(011) FWHM at 550MBq, respectively. The peak sensitivity is ∼1.6. The excellent performance facilitated the successful execution of first in vivo rat studies beyond 300MBq. Based on features visible in the acquired images, we estimate the spatial resolution to be ∼2mm in the center of the Field Of View (FOV). (4) Conclusion: The SAFIR-I PET insert provides excellent performance, permitting simultaneous in vivo small animal PET/MR image acquisitions with time frames of a few seconds in length at activities of up to 500MBq.