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End-to-end traceability offers significant opportunities for product lifecycle visibility, sustainability enhancement, and regulatory compliance in product management. However, it faces challenges in data integration and management, supplier collaboration, cost and complexity, and the sharing of information across the supply chain. Productization refers to the representation of a product and connects commercial and technical aspects to the systemic perspective of product management. This includes a focus on the engineering lifecycle with inherent linkages to product data. The product management perspective, specifically in relation to the connection between end-to-end traceability and the productization concept, has not been extensively studied. This study explores the role of both productization and traceability in the context of end-to-end traceability. It combines an extensive literature review and an empirical example of applying productization logic across company borders to support end-to-end traceability. The key findings indicate that productization logic with a product structure focus can support end-to-end traceability in product management by providing consistency and a foundation for tracking both technical and operational data across the engineering lifecycle of a product. By focusing on productization, companies can overcome traceability challenges and unlock the benefits of end-to-end traceability.

This research aims to examine how traceability affects consumer trust in halal products and traditional markets. A survey questionnaire was developed and a Total of 300 completed responses were collected using cross-sectional quantitative research methodology through structured questionnaires, with the help of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to verify if technology bringing convenience into our lives has impact on healthcare delivery service providing organizations. The findings reveal that product, process, genetic, and input traceability has a moderate to high effect on trust of the consumer behavior towards purchasing halal products. Product traceability to guarantee the safety, halal certification and regional origin of indicated products; process at technical integrity level that incorporates cleaning measures in food processing including hygiene control as well technical integrity also assured the cleanliness or production processes trustworthy (fits with / conducive); genetic contribute on verifying authenticity and quality assurance whereas input involved on confirming sourced-origin raw material. This study has several limitations such as the convenience sampling, which may not perfectly reflect on overall traditional market consumers; and it was a cross-sectional design so that we cannot track changes in consumer confidence. Similarly, there is potential social desirability response bias in the responses which may further compromise data authenticity. Longitudinal studies tracking changes in consumer confidence as traceability systems are improved, and comparative approaches between original/traditional market set-ups versus modernized etc. would be future areas of investigation to discern the effectiveness/impact that quality assurance programs have on improving value chains for small producers worldwide. Adding block chain could provide records that more secure, transparent and cannot be changed. This also would increase trust between companies and consumers even further.

Software traceability is a required component of many software development processes. Advocates of requirements traceability cite advantages like easier program comprehension and support for software maintenance (i.e., software change). However, despite its growing popularity, there exists no published evaluation about the usefulness of requirements traceability. It is important, if not crucial, to investigate whether the use of requirements traceability can significantly support development tasks to eventually justify its costs. We thus conducted a controlled experiment with 71 subjects re-performing real maintenance tasks on two third-party development projects: half of the tasks with and the other half without traceability. Subjects sketched their task solutions on paper to focus on the their ability to solving the problems rather than their programming skills. Our findings show that subjects with traceability performed on average 24 % faster on a given task and created on average 50 % more correct solutions—suggesting that traceability not only saves effort but can profoundly improve software maintenance quality.

Software traceability, the ability to relate software development artifacts such as requirements, design models and code to each other, is an important aspect in software development. It yields a number of benefits such as facilitating impact analysis and tracking software changes. However, for companies to reap these benefits, a proper traceability strategy—a plan for how traceability should be managed—needs to be defined and implemented. Existing literature lacks concrete guidelines for practitioners to systematically define such a strategy. In this study, we address this gap by defining a Traceability Introduction Methodology (TracIMo), which is a methodology for systematically designing, implementing and evaluating software traceability in practice. We used design science research to design TracIMo and evaluated it in a case study with an agile development team of a company in the finance domain. Our results show that TracIMo is feasible as it allows incremental definition and evaluation of a traceability strategy that is aligned with the company’s traceability goals and the existing development process. We also report practical challenges encountered when designing a traceability strategy such as defining the right level of granularity and the need for defining intermediate development artifacts.

Recently, the problem of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) safety has attracted attention worldwide. To prevent the spread of counterfeit drugs, it is necessary to establish a drug traceability system. A traditional drug traceability system can record the whole circulation process of drugs, from planting, production, processing, and warehousing to use by hospitals and patients. Once counterfeit drugs are found, they can be traced back to the source. However, traditional drug traceability systems have some drawbacks, such as failure to prevent tampering and facilitation of sensitive disclosure. Blockchain (including Bitcoin and Ethernet Square) is an effective technology to address the problems of traditional drug traceability systems. However, some risks impact the reliability of blockchain, such as information explosion, sensitive information leakage, and poor scalability.BACKGROUNDRecently, the problem of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) safety has attracted attention worldwide. To prevent the spread of counterfeit drugs, it is necessary to establish a drug traceability system. A traditional drug traceability system can record the whole circulation process of drugs, from planting, production, processing, and warehousing to use by hospitals and patients. Once counterfeit drugs are found, they can be traced back to the source. However, traditional drug traceability systems have some drawbacks, such as failure to prevent tampering and facilitation of sensitive disclosure. Blockchain (including Bitcoin and Ethernet Square) is an effective technology to address the problems of traditional drug traceability systems. However, some risks impact the reliability of blockchain, such as information explosion, sensitive information leakage, and poor scalability.To avoid the risks associated with the application of blockchain, we propose a lightweight block chain framework.OBJECTIVETo avoid the risks associated with the application of blockchain, we propose a lightweight block chain framework.In this framework, both horizontal and vertical segmentations are performed when designing the blocks, and effective strategies are provided for both segmentations. For horizontal segmentation operations, the header and body of the blockchain are separated and stored in the blockchain, and the body is stored in the InterPlanetary File System. For vertical segmentation operations, the blockchain is cut off according to time or size. For the addition of new blocks, miners only need to copy the latest part of the blockchain and append the tail and vertical segmentation of the block through the consensus mechanism.METHODSIn this framework, both horizontal and vertical segmentations are performed when designing the blocks, and effective strategies are provided for both segmentations. For horizontal segmentation operations, the header and body of the blockchain are separated and stored in the blockchain, and the body is stored in the InterPlanetary File System. For vertical segmentation operations, the blockchain is cut off according to time or size. For the addition of new blocks, miners only need to copy the latest part of the blockchain and append the tail and vertical segmentation of the block through the consensus mechanism.Our framework could greatly reduce the size of the blockchain and improve the verification efficiency.RESULTSOur framework could greatly reduce the size of the blockchain and improve the verification efficiency.Experimental results have shown that the efficiency improves compared with ethernet when a new block is added to the blockchain and a search is conducted.CONCLUSIONSExperimental results have shown that the efficiency improves compared with ethernet when a new block is added to the blockchain and a search is conducted.

Metrology is the science of measurement and its applications, whereas biometrology is the science of biological measurement and its applications. Biometrology aims to achieve accuracy and consistency of biological measurements by focusing on the development of metrological traceability, biological reference measurement procedures, and reference materials. Irreproducibility of biological and multi-omics research results from different laboratories, platforms, and analysis methods is hampering the translation of research into clinical uses and can often be attributed to the lack of biologists’ attention to the general principles of metrology. In this paper, the progresses of biometrology including metrology on nucleic acid, protein, and cell measurements and its impacts on the improvement of reliability and comparability in biological research are reviewed. Challenges in obtaining more reliable biological and multi-omics measurements due to the lack of primary reference measurement procedures and new standards for biological reference materials faced by biometrology are discussed. In the future, in addition to establishing reliable reference measurement procedures, developing reference materials from single or multiple parameters to multi-omics scale should be emphasized. Thinking in way of biometrology is warranted for facilitating the translation of high-throughput omics research into clinical practices.

Bacterial traceability refers to the use of a range of techniques to trace the origins and transmission pathways of bacteria. It is crucial in controlling the spread of diseases, analyzing bioterrorism incidents, and advancing microbial forensics. In recent years, the frequency and scope of bacterial outbreaks have continued to escalate, exerting significant impacts on global biosecurity, public health, and other areas. Consequently, it is required to process traceability of bacteria timely and accurately around the globe. The rapid development of biological and physicochemical traceability techniques provides convenience for tracing bacteria. These techniques not only surpass traditional methods in terms of sensitivity, traceability and throughput, but also find more extensive applications in elucidating bacterial growth mechanisms, transmission routes, and geographical origins. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress and applications of technologies of bacterial traceability, highlighting key advancements and projecting future trends, with the intent of providing a valuable reference for researchers, facilitating further studies and innovations in this field. [Display omitted] •Biological technologies provide powerful tools for tracing bacteria.•Bacterial traceability technologies combine expertise from various fields.•Bacterial traceability has significant implications for forensic investigations.•Different bacterial traceability technologies have their own application scenarios.

With the rise of globalization and technological competition, the food supply chain has grown more complex due to the multiple players and factors involved in the chain. Traditional systems fail to offer effective and reliable traceability solutions considering the increasing requirement for accountability and transparency in the food supply chain. Blockchain technology has been claimed to offer the food industry a transformative future. The inherent features of blockchain, including immutability and transparency, create a dependable and secure system for tracking food products across the whole supply chain, ensuring total control over their traceability from the origin to the final consumer. This research offers a comprehensive overview of multiple models to understand how the integration of blockchain and other digital technologies has transformed the food supply chain. This comprehensive systematic review of blockchain-based food-supply-chain frameworks aimed to uncover the capability of blockchain technology to revolutionize the industry and examined the current landscape of blockchain-based food traceability solutions to identify areas for improvement. Furthermore, the research investigates recent advancements and investigates how blockchain aligns with other emerging technologies of Industry 4.0 and Web 3.0. Blockchain technology plays an important role in improving food traceability and supply-chain operations. Potential synergies between blockchain and other emerging technologies of Industry 4.0 and Web 3.0 are digitizing food supply chains, which results in better management, automation, efficiencies, sustainability, verifiability, auditability, accountability, traceability, transparency, tracking, monitoring, response times and provenance across food supply chains.

An effective and trustworthy traceability system contributes to improving food quality and safety and responds to consumers' demand for food provenance information. Safe meat and its products are crucial to consumers and society. Livestock feeding regime and geographical origin are closely related to the properties and the safety of animal origin food, but the information is often invisible to consumers, which makes is easier to use fraudulent practices throughout the whole supply chain. Technologies and their proper use in traceability systems are important for the safety of animal origin foods. An essential component in an integrated traceability chain includes individual animal identification and trace back of related meat products. In this review, we examine the technologies for individual animal identification, including the radio frequency identification system and DNA fingerprinting. For meat products, traceability technologies focus on the chemical components fingerprinting, including measurement of stable isotope ratios, mineral element tracing and organic component fingerprinting. Also, future trends in food traceability systems need to be improved to promote the establishment of more efficient and trustworthy traceability systems to ensure food safety and quality up to standard.

It is of significant importance to public health that reliable monitoring of nitroimidazoles be conducted, while certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential for accurate and reliable detection. A project has been initiated with the objective of developing nitroimidazole purity CRMs to ensure that results from nationwide monitoring laboratories for nitroimidazoles in antibiotic residues can be compared and traced. The candidates were successively characterized in terms of their structure by means of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). The mass balance (MB) method and the quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) method were utilized to determine the purity of nitroimidazoles with remarkable accuracy. Furthermore, a methodical investigation was conducted on homogeneity, stability, and uncertainty. Six nitroimidazole purity CRMs, including tinidazole (GBW09252), secnidazole (GBW09286), ronidazole (GBW09288), metronidazole (GBW(E)090755), dimetridazole (GBW(E)090819), and ornidazole (GBW(E)090820), were finally manufactured following authorization from China’s State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR). By using these CRMs, it is possible to improve the traceability, accuracy, and comparability of nitroimidazole measurements in a range of agricultural products, protecting public health.