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Attention to innovation and technology are important factors in increasing a countny,s economic growth and competitiveness. There is no doubt that science and technology are the most basic elements of economic development, and successful countries are those that convert scientific and technological innovations into wealth. Iran must continually strive to manufacture industrial products based on science and technology, in order to not only keep pace with the world's rapid growth but also accelerate the country's economic development. The university's role in the countries planning and management is mainly in technology development and is undergoing serious changes. With the improvement of science, technology, and the globalization of engineering education, the necessity for a continuous review of goals, structures, and new methods in engineering education is felt more than ever. In this article current global technology will be presented, followed by an evaluation of the Iran's current training for personnel in the field of technology. By studying and verifying undergraduate and postgraduate courses in five selected engineering departments, including Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Polymer Engineering, shortages are extracted, analyzed, and several suggestions are presented to empower engineering students. Finally, the most effective ways to strengthen the relationship between industries and universities are studied, with a view to identify more useful and efficient technology for engineering courses.

Introduction The Department of Surgery at the University of Arizona has created an intensive laparoscopic training course for surgical residents featuring a combined simulation laboratory and live swine model. We herein report the essential components to design and implement a rigorous training course for developing laparoscopic skills in surgical residents. Materials and methods At our institution, we developed a week-long pilot intensive laparoscopic training course. Six surgical residents (ranging from interns to chief residents) participate in the structured, multimodality course, without any clinical responsibilities. It consists of didactic instruction, laboratory training, practice in the simulation laboratory, and performance (under the direction of attending laparoscopic surgeons) of surgical procedures on pigs. The pigs are anesthetized and attended by veterinarians and technicians, and then euthanized at the end of each day. Three teams of two different training-level residents are paired. Daily briefing, debriefing, and analysis are performed at the close of each session. A written paper survey is completed at the end of the course. Results This report describes the results of first 36 surgical residents trained in six courses. Preliminary data reveal that all 36 now feel more comfortable handling laparoscopic instruments and positioning trocars; they now perform laparoscopic surgery with greater confidence and favor having the course as part of their educational curriculum. Conclusion A multimodality intensive laparoscopic training course should become a standard requirement for surgical residents, enabling them to acquire basic and advanced laparoscopic skills on a routine basis.

Background Laparoscopy may prove feasible to address surgical needs in limited-resource settings. However, no aggregate data exist regarding the role of laparoscopy in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study was designed to describe the issues facing laparoscopy in LMICs and to aggregate reported solutions. Methods A search was conducted using Medline, African Index Medicus, the Directory of Open Access Journals, and the LILACS/BIREME/SCIELO database. Included studies were in English, published after 1992, and reported safety, cost, or outcomes of laparoscopy in LMICs. Studies pertaining to arthroscopy, ENT, flexible endoscopy, hysteroscopy, cystoscopy, computer-assisted surgery, pediatrics, transplantation, and bariatrics were excluded. Qualitative synthesis was performed by extracting results that fell into three categories: advantages of, challenges to, and adaptations made to implement laparoscopy in LMICs. PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. Results A total of 1101 abstracts were reviewed, and 58 articles were included describing laparoscopy in 25 LMICs. Laparoscopy is particularly advantageous in LMICs, where there is often poor sanitation, limited diagnostic imaging, fewer hospital beds, higher rates of hemorrhage, rising rates of trauma, and single income households. Lack of trained personnel and equipment were frequently cited challenges. Adaptive strategies included mechanical insufflation with room air, syringe suction, homemade endoloops, hand-assisted techniques, extracorporeal knot tying, innovative use of cheaper instruments, and reuse of disposable instruments. Inexpensive laboratory-based trainers and telemedicine are effective for training. Conclusions LMICs face many surgical challenges that require innovation. Laparoscopic surgery may be safe, effective, feasible, and cost-effective in LMICs, although it often remains limited in its accessibility, acceptability, and quality. This study may not capture articles written in languages other than English or in journals not indexed by the included databases. Surgeons, policymakers, and manufacturers should focus on plans for sustainability, training and retention of providers, and regulation of efforts to develop laparoscopy in LMICs.

Only few studies have examined the preceptor training courses and their effects on clinical teaching behaviors (CTBs) of preceptors. This study investigated preceptors’ experiences in educating new graduate nurses and the effect they had on clinical teaching behavior (CTB) based on whether they participated in a preceptor training program. A descriptive online survey method was used, and the participants included 180 registered nurses who were preceptors. The Clinical Teaching Behavior Inventory (CTBI-22) was used, and perceptions of teaching experiences were measured by six items. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Preceptors working at general hospitals or hospitals were less likely to have participated in a preceptor training program than those working at tertiary hospitals. The overall mean score of CTB was 89.30, and “guiding inter-professional communication” showed the lowest mean score. Positive perceptions of preceptorship experiences were positively related with CTB, and the number of precepting experiences affected CTB only for nurses having undergone preceptor training courses. The use of role-playing as a method in training courses positively affected preceptors’ CTB. These findings suggest that preceptors need support from nurse managers and colleagues, and preceptor training programs should be developed.

Conducting research in conflict environments is a challenge, given their complexity and common attitudes of distrust and suspicion. Yet, conflict and methodology are usually analyzed as separate fields of interest. Methodological aspects of field work in conflict environments have not been systematically analyzed. This article addresses the central methodological problems of research conducted in conflict environments. We suggest the use of the snowball sampling method (hereafter, SSM) as an answer to these challenges. The effectiveness of this method has been recognized as significant in a variety of cases, mainly regarding marginalized populations. We claim that in conflict environments, the entire population is marginalized to some degree, making it 'hidden' from and 'hard to reach' for the outsider researcher. The marginalization explains why it is difficult to locate, access and enlist the cooperation of the research populations, which in a non-conflict context would not have been difficult to do. SSM directly addresses the fears and mistrust common to the conflict environment and increases the likelihood of trusting the researcher by introduction through a trusted social network. We demonstrate how careful use of SSM as a 'second best' but still valuable methodology can help generate cooperation. Therefore, the evaluation of SSM, its advantages and limitations in implementation in conflict environments can be an important contribution to the methodological training of researchers. In addition to its effectiveness under conditions of conflict, SSM may, in some cases, actually make the difference between research conducted under constrained conditions and research not conducted at all. Together with our experiences in the field, we supply several insights and recommendations for optimizing the use of SSM in a conflict environment.

This article presents a quantitative analysis of a series of science disciplines given to students studying engineering management in the field of quality management. Based on the analysis of training courses of physics and chemistry, the related physical and chemical concepts are marked out, and a fundamental core of interdisciplinary concepts in physics and chemistry was developed.

Shijie Huang,1,2,* Zhaoying Chen,1,2,* Shiying Cai,3 Ling Chen,1,2 Wei Ren,1,2 Wenzhi Cai1 1Department of Nursing, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Wenzhi Cai, Department of Nursing, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518101, People’s Republic of China, Email caiwzh@smu.edu.cnPurpose: Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has significant advantages in regulating the maternal constitution and promoting the healthy development of the fetus with its unique concept of health and fetal protection. However, there is no systematic training course for maternity nurses. Therefore, this study focused on designing a training course for maternity nurses on TCM health preservation during pregnancy and the perinatal period.Methods: A two-round Delphi process with 18 multidisciplinary experts (clinicians, educators, TCM specialists) was employed to establish consensus on the training course through anonymous iterative feedback. From August 2024 to October 2024, a quasi-experimental design was utilized to conveniently recruit 84 maternity nurses from two hospitals for comparison. Among them, 42 nurses in the observation group received the training curriculum validated through the Delphi method, while 42 nurses in the control group received conventional education. The TCM knowledge, behavioral competence, and clinical competency of nurses in both groups were assessed using a standardized questionnaire before and after the training, to compare the intervention effects.Results: The recovery rates of the two rounds of consultation were 100% and 88.8%, and the authority coefficients of experts were 0.771 and 0.822, respectively. The TCM health preservation during pregnancy and perinatal period training course for maternity nurses was formed, including 4 first-level indicators, 15 second-level indicators and 77 third-level indicators. The results of empirical research showed that the scores of knowledge, behavior ability and competency level of nurses in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P< 0.05).Conclusion: The TCM health preservation during pregnancy and perinatal period training course for maternity nurses is scientific and reliable, which can provide a reference for maternity nurses to learn the knowledge and technology of TCM.Keywords: maternity nurses, training course, traditional Chinese medicine, Delphi, empirical research

Nadia A Fernández-Santos,1,2,* Mario A Rodríguez-Pérez,1,* Sofía Segovia-Mancillas,1,3,* Luis L Rodríguez,4 Sarah A Hamer,5 Gabriel L Hamer,2 Fabián Correa-Morales,6 Susano Medina-Jaramillo,7 Maria Gabriela Palacios-Mendoza,8 Epigmenio Cruz-Aldán,9 Gabriela del Carmen Rodriguez-Dominguez,10 Carlos H Gomez-Hernandez,10 Arturo Larraga-Guillén,11 Irene López González,11 Luis M Rodríguez-Martínez,12 Aldo I Ortega-Morales,13 Ma Isabel Salazar,14 Héctor Enrique Valdez-Gómez,11 Miguel A Márquez Ruiz,15 Maria J Perteguer,16 Benjamín Gastón Gómez-Gordillo,17 Jesús A Aguilar-Durán,1 Ingeborg D Becker Fauser,18 Scott C Weaver,19 Michael J Turell,20 Laura D Kramer,21,* Jose Guillermo Estrada-Franco1,* 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico; 2Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; 3Facultad de Medicina, Universidad México Americana del Norte, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico; 4Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA; 5Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College Station, TX, USA; 6Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico; 7Academia Veterinaria Mexicana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico; 8Zoologico Miguel Alvarez del Toro (ZOOMAT), Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico; 9Programas Ambientales Grupo Libera, Merida, Yucatán, Mexico; 10Laboratorio Estatal de Salud, Secretaria de Salud de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico; 11CPA-SENASICA, Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de la Fiebre Aftosa y otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales, Ciudad de México, Mexico; 12Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico; 13Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro Unidad Laguna, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico; 14Laboratorio Nacional de Vacunología y Virus Tropicales, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico; 15Departamento de Postgrado en Medicina Aviar, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico; 16Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; 17Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP), Palacio Federal 3er. Piso, Segunda Oriente-Norte, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, C.P. 29000, Mexico; 18Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Hospital General de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico; 19World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; 20VectorID LLC, Frederick, MD, USA; 21School of Public Health, University of the State of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jose Guillermo Estrada-Franco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Tel +525534535428, Email jestradaf@ipn.mx Laura D Kramer, School of Public Health, University of the State of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA, Tel +15183222706, Email ldkculex@gmail.comAbstract: Zoonotic pathogens such as arboviruses, arenaviruses, filoviruses, coronaviruses, highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) viruses, vesiculoviruses, and many others are emerging and reemerging worldwide, jeopardizing global veterinary and public health. Parasitic diseases such as visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi), myiasis, and river blindness (Onchocerca volvulus) are also paramount for public health in the Americas and elsewhere. In the fall 2024, a group of experts convened in Chiapas, Mexico, for the Fourth Mesoamerican Symposium “Dr. Roberto Navarro López” on Arboviruses and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. Here, we highlight the importance of some zoonotic pathogens and parasites affecting human health that are being impacted by anthropogenic activities. In this context, there are drivers such as changes in climate and landscape transformations, unsound agricultural practices, and wildlife niche replacement delivering numerous opportunities for zoonotic pathogens to emerge and threaten human health and food security.Keywords: zoonosis, arboviruses, emerging diseases, re-emerging diseases, symposium, training course

Background Rising health and financial costs associated with iatrogenic errors have drawn increasing attention to the dexterity of surgeons. With the advent of new technologies, such as robotic surgical systems and medical simulators, researchers now have the tools to analyze surgical motion with the goal of differentiating the level of technical skill in surgeons. Methods The review for this paper is obtained from a Google Scholar and PubMed search of the key words “objective surgical skill evaluation.” Only studies that included motion analysis were used. Results In this paper, we provide a clinical motivation for the importance of surgical skill evaluation. We review the current methods of tracking surgical motion and the available data-collection systems. We also survey current methods of surgical skill evaluation and show that most approaches fall into one of three methods: (1) structured human grading; (2) descriptive statistics; or (3) statistical language models of surgical motion. We discuss the need for an encompassing approach to model human skill through statistical models to allow for objective skill evaluation.