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Herbicide residues in agricultural products can have adverse effects on the environment and human health, therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a sensitive, rapid, and wide-ranging detection method. In this study, haptens of phenylurea herbicides (PUs) and sulfonylurea herbicides (SUs) were analyzed and designed based on computational simulation techniques, and two high-performance broad-spectrum monoclonal antibodies against PUs and SUs were prepared. On this basis, a multi-colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (multi-CGIA) was developed to simultaneously detect 13 herbicides in wheat. The visual limit of detection (vLOD) for PUs including diuron, chlortoluron, neburon, chlorbromuron, and linuron was 1–2 µg/kg. The vLOD for SUs including metsulfuron methyl, ethametsulfuron-methyl, sulfometuron-methyl, tribenuron methyl, cinosulfuron, triasulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, and chlorsulfuron was 2–10 µg/kg. The results of real sample determination indicated that the multi-CGIA is accurate, stable, and reliable, and adaptable to on-site preliminary screening of actual samples.

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) growing in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) is difficult to control for several reasons. First, it is a perennial weed that has an extensive root system. Second, the cash‐crop wheat prevents the use of many chemicals, and third, Canada thistle is becoming resistant to many single action herbicides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of postemergence herbicide applications on Canada thistle control growing in a spring wheat field. Replicated studies conducted in Russia between 2015 and 2017 evaluated the impact of different herbicide mixtures on Canada thistle control. The formulated mixtures of (iodosulfuron/mesosulfuron/antidote mefenpyr‐diethyl) mixed with triasulfuron and metsulfuron and triasulfuron + metsulfuron increased wheat yields 48 to 60% and provided the greatest (>85%) Canada thistle suppression in all experiments. Generally, (aminopyralid/florasulam), triasulfuron and (2,4‐D/florasulam) provided little control. It can be concluded that in all treatments, the herbicide mixtures did not provide 100% control, and therefore care must be used to prevent the creation of herbicide resistant Canada thistle. Core Ideas Formulated mixtures of herbicides containing (iodosulfuron/mesosulfuron/antidote mefenpyr‐diethyl) and triasulfuron plus metsulfuron provided the most effective Canada thistle suppression. Canada thistle was better controlled at the early stage of spring wheat. Herbicide mixtures containing multiple modes of action was more effective than a single mode of action herbicide in the control of Canada thistle in wheat.

Herbicides in wastewater are considered as a serious issue to environmental pollution. Different impregnated metal zinc oxide (Cu/ZnO and Ni/ZnO) as catalysts were prepared through wet impregnation method for the degradation of herbicides Isoproturon and triasulfuron. The prepared impregnated catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopyand surface area. The degradation of selected herbicides were investigated using combined effect of photocatalysis and sonication. The experimental parameters such as pH, irradiation time, photocatalyst dose, effect of oxidants, diverse ion effect, herbicide concentration and catalyst reusability have been optimized. The percent removal of isoproturon was found to be 99 and 98% at pH 7 and triasulfuron was 98% at pH 6 using Cu/ZnO and 99% at pH 7 using Ni/ZnO photocatalysts respectively. Graphical Abstract Graphical abstract of Ultrasound Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Isoproturon and Triasulfuron Herbicides

Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L). is a broadleaf weed in autumn crop fields in Russia. Four field experiments were performed in Stalskiy region, southern Russia in two growing seasons, 2016 and 2017, to investigate the effects of postemergence applications of applied alone or in tank mixtures in winter wheat cultivars Tanya and Bagrat. Redroot pigweed control was greatest with tribenuron and all herbicide treatments containing tribenuron. The lowest redroot pigweed control was with aminopyralid/florasulam (study 1) and triasulfuron (study 2), respectively, whereas redroot pigweed had intermediate responses to the other examined herbicides. Tribenuron plus fluroxypyr sprayed on wheat cultivar ‘Tanya’, and tribenuron plus triasulfuron on wheat cultivar ‘Bagrat’ resulted in increased wheat grain yields. Overall, tribenuron and herbicides containing tribenuron provided the most efficient redroot pigweed control compared with the other herbicides and consistently maintained optimal winter wheat yields. Tribenuron could ameliorate redroot resistance to herbicides in wheat fields in southern Russia.

The use of mixed herbicides for increasing efficiency is a good choice in controlling noxious weeds. Field experiments were conducted at three locations in 2019–2020 to examine the weed control potential of bentazon + dichlorprop in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) compared with some commonly used herbicides. Treatments consist of post-emergence applications of 2,4-D + MCPA at 1012.5 g ai ha−1, dicamba + 2,4‑D at 371.2 g ai ha−1, diclorprop-p + MCPA + mecoprop‑P at 1500 g ai ha−1, bromoxynil + MCPA at 600 g ai ha−1, diflufenican + mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl Na + at 96 g ai ha−1, triasulfuron + dicamba at 115.5 g ai ha−1, bentazon + dichlorprop at 849, 1132 and 1415 g ai ha−1. The untreated check was added for comparison. All herbicides were applied the at the wheat tillering stage (Zadoks 22). Results showed that bentazon + dichlorprop at 1415 g ai ha−1 was good in terms of efficacy in broadleaf broadleaf difficult control species such as false jagged-chickweed (Lepyrodiclis holosteoides (C. A. Mey) Fenzl ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey), earthsmoke (Fumaria vaillantii L.), birdeye speedwell (Veronica persica Poir.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), European bishop (Bifora testiculata (L.) Spreng) and wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) and causes their density to decrease between 67 and 95%, their dry weight reduction was between 59 and 95% and the increase of wheat grain yield between 2193 and 4393 kgha−1 was carried out in three locations without causing any damage to the wheat plant.

The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State France and the co‐rapporteur Member State Denmark for the pesticide active substance triasulfuron are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Regulation (EU) No 1141/2010 as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 380/2013. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of triasulfuron as a herbicide on winter cereals. The reliable endpoints concluded as being appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, derived from the available studies and literature in the dossier peer reviewed, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are identified.

Although the knowledge on agricultural using of biostimulants increases, there is still little information on their interactions with other chemicals i.e. herbicides. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of popular herbicides (MCPA + dicamba, dicamba + triasulfuron, florasulam+2,4-D) used with and without biostimulants based on seaweed extract (Kelpak) and nitrophenols (Asahi) on weed control efficiency, yield and quality of the crop. Field trial was carried out in the years 2014 and 2015 in the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute in Poznan (Poland). The experiment was established on spring wheat cv.‘Torridon’, in 4 replications, using randomized block design. In the experiment two variants of application were tested. In the first variant preparations (herbicide and biostimulant) were applied as tank mixtures at the crop growth stage BBCH 30 and in the second variant in some combinations herbicide application was followed by biostimulant used alone. Weather conditions had a profound impact on tested preparations activity. Addition of biostimulants to herbicide had not affected weed control efficacy but application of herbicide and biostimulant mixture revealed its influence on yield parameters of wheat. Biostimulants influenced yield quality parameters e.g. by enhancing gluten amount in grains. RESUMO: Embora o conhecimento sobre o uso agrícola de bioestimulantes aumente, ainda há pouca informação sobre suas interações com outros produtos químicos, como por exemplo, herbicidas. O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar o efeito dos herbicidas MCPA + dicamba, dicamba + triasulfuron + e florasulam + 2,4-D, usados com bioestimulantes a base de extratos de algas marinhas (Klepak) e nitrofenóis (Asahi) sobre a eficiência do controle de plantas daninhas e o rendimento da produção das plantas cultivadas. Os estudos de campo foram realizados nos anos de 2014 e 2015 pelo Instituto de Proteção de Plantas - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas em Poznań (Polônia). O experimento foi realizado na cultura do trigo, cultivar ‘Torridon’ com quatro repetições. Foram estudadas diferentes opções de mistura de herbicidas versus bioestimulantes que foram aplicados em mistura de tanque ou o bioestimulante foi aplicado três dias após a aplicação do herbicida. As condições climáticas afetaram o desempenho das misturas utilizadas. A adição de bioestimulante ao herbicida não modificou a eficiência do controle de plantas daninhas, mas revelou grande influência nos parâmetros de produtividade do trigo. O uso de bioestimulantes provocou a melhora da qualidade dos grãos, aumentando o teor de glúten.

Metal‐ and pesticide‐tolerant biocontrol agents are preferred in integrated pest management, as such strains can be applied in combination with different pesticides. The Bacillus velezensis strain SZMC 6161J proved to be sensitive to copper, nickel, zinc, and cadmium, while manganese elevated its growth. At concentrations higher than 1 mmol L−1, zinc and iron inhibited the chymotrypsin‐like activity of this strain. In addition, trypsin‐like protease and palmitoyl esterase activities were insensitive to all tested heavy metals in the applied concentration range. We studied the effects of some widely used herbicides and fungicides on the growth of this strain. The presence of sulfonylurea herbicides, like bensulfuron‐methyl, cinosulfuron, chlorsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, triasulfuron, and primisulfuron‐methyl strongly inhibited the biomass production of the strain even at the concentration of 6.25 mg L−1. Glyphosate also inhibited the growth above 30 mg L−1. Similarly, contact fungicides like captan, maneb, mancozeb, and thiram resulted in total inhibition at the concentration as low as 6.25 mg L−1. Interestingly, the sterol‐biosynthesis‐inhibiting fungicides imazalil, fenarimol, penconazole, and tebuconazole also proved to be potent inhibitors. Heavy metal‐ and fungicide‐tolerant strains were isolated from the parental strain and their antagonistic abilities were evaluated. There was no substantial difference between the antagonism capability of wild‐type strain and the resistant mutants. Inhibitory effect of heavy metals and frequently used pesticides on a Bacillus velezensis biocontrol strain was investigated. Our results clearly show that it is crucial to clarify the heavy metal and pesticide tolerance of a biocontrol candidate microorganism before the application in IPM cultivation systems.

Objectives Excessive use of thifensulfuron-methyl has raised concerns for environmental contamination and phytotoxicity to crops. Experiments were performed to isolate a microorganism that can degrade thifensulfuron-methyl and assess its effectiveness. Results A bacterial isolate, Ochrobactrum sp. ZWS16, capable of degrading thifensulfuron-methyl was studied. The half-life for thifensulfuron-methyl was less than 6 days in liquid medium after addition ZWS16 (5–400 mg thifensulfuron-methyl/l). Maximum biodegradation was 99.5 % for 50 mg thifensulfuron-methyl/l at 40 °C over 10 days. Of the five metabolites from the degradation of thifensulfuron-methyl that were identified, methyl 3-( N -carbamoylsulfamoyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate and 3-[(formimidoylamino-hydroxy-methyl)-sulfamoyl)-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid are reported for the first time. The degradation pathways might proceed via cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge, O -demethylation, de-esterification and cleavage of the triazine ring. The removal of thifensulfuron-methyl was 58 % after inoculation of strain ZWS16 into sterilized soil. Strain ZWS16 can also degrade nicosulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl and triasulfuron. Conclusions Addition of strain ZWS16 to both liquid medium and sterilized soil accelerated the degradation of thifensulfuron-methyl. Strain ZWS16 might therefore be useful in removing thifensulfuron-methyl contamination in water and soil.

In the urbanized environment, young plants lack moisture due to the limited space. This violates photosynthesis and respiration. To normalize respiration, the plant reduces excessive evaporation and evens out the water balance showing signs of xeromorphy. For the human environment, decorative and appearance of greenery are crucial. The purpose of the article is to study adaptive abilities of deciduous plants when using glyphosate-based herbicidal preparations, 2, 4-D, dicamba, triasulfuron, and clopyralid. Anatomical and morphological changes at the cellular and organismic levels in young Tilia cordata Mill plants were identified: the size and density of stomata; frequency of stop cells of stomata; plant height; the number of shoots. The use of glyphosate, 2, 4-D, dicamba, triasulfuron, clopyralid stimulated the height of shoots and increased the frequency of occurrence of guard cells with a length \"0.15-0.19\" mm. When using herbicides as a factor of chemical stress, the number of stomata per 1 mm2 of the leaf surface increased. Ecological and biological plasticity of Tilia cordata Mill under environmental pollution (chemical stress) was identified. It is useful for directed formation of xeromorphic signs in young plants and further planting in urbanized conditions.