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Deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat (Emai596) was degraded by five ways of ozone treatments, including ozone-gas treated wheat flour, wheat kernels before and after tempering, and tempering and washing with ozonated-water. For lab-scale milling, the effect on flour quality was investigated. The DON was quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography after extraction with immunoaffinity columns. The measure indicated all treatments could decrease the DON content of flour below 1.00 mg/kg. Ozone-gas treated wheat kernels after tempering had the highest DON degradation rate 33.33%. Ozonation produced no significant difference in gluten qualities, dynamic viscoelasticity, pasting and mixing properties, when wheat kernels were treated with ozone-gas or ozonated-water. Although ozone-gas treated flour had the highest whiteness (85.56), but it had negative effect on the rest of quality indicators. The results suggested the treatment of Ozone-gas treated tempered wheat kernels could not only degrade DON most efficiently but also ensure quality of flour.

El trigo es un cultivo de importancia económica por su relevante composición nutricional como: proteínas, lípidos , fibra, minerales (hierro, magnesio, zinc, potasio , calcio y fósforo), además de contener aminoácidos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar el contenido de gluten y las propiedades reológicas de diferentes variedades de trigo (Triticum aestivum). Para lo cual, se utilizó un Diseño Completamente Alzar, donde el Factor C= Variedad de trigo y Factor B = Niveles de nitrógeno, con tres repeticiones, además, se analizaron características fisicoquímicas y contenido de gluten. En cuanto a la humedad no presentaron diferencia significativa, mientras que el contenido de gluten húmedo sitúo valores entre 17,4 a 38,89 %; gluten seco resultados entre 8,38 a 15,87 %.; fuerza de gluten sitúo 2,20 – 6,00 y contenido de proteína 10,54 a 13,71. En relación a las características reológicas de las harinas obtenidas de las diferentes variedades de trigo, variedad INIAP - COJITAMBO 92 obtuvo mayor absorción de agua (66,08), en el desarrollo de la masa el tiempo osciló entre 0,63 a 1,89 % en la harina obtenida de las variedades INIAP- ZHALAO 2003 y INIAP- VIVAR 2010 respectivamente. En la estabilidad las muestras situaron un rango entre 1,97 y 7,34. Mientras que, el debilitamiento de las proteínas C2 (Nm) se obtuvieron valores similares, sucediendo lo contrario con la gelatinización del almidón C3 (Nm), actividad amilácea C4 (Nm) y la retrodegradación del almidón C5 (Nm) que presentaron variabilidad en sus resultados.

Felipe Trigo (1864-1916) was one of the most important writers of the Borbonic Restoration period. He was a country physician and military physician, but he was especially known by his literary and journalistic work. Among his most important literary, we should show up El médico rural (1912) and Jarrapellejos (1914), where he performed a strong critical approach of the Spanish society of his time. He was also known by his erotic novels, which were strongly attacked at the time. This fact contributed to the oblivion of his works after the Trigo’s death. El médico rural contains many autobiographical elements of the time he worked as physician in country villages of Extremadura. The novel has an outstanding interest to know how was the medical practice of country physicians, their knowledge of the medical advances of the late nineteenth century and their social relationships with plain people and the local rulers. After decades of being almost forgotten, Trigo is now recognized as one of the physician writers more noteworthy of his generation. 

The objective of this study was to determine some morphological, mineral, amino and organic acid characteristics of buckwheat, bread wheat, triticale, durum wheat and triticale genotypes. Nutritional quality characteristics of buckwheat are similar to bread and durum wheat, barley and triticale genotypes in minerals, amino acid and organic acid compositions. When compared with Sönmez (S, bread wheat), Dumlupınar (D durum wheat), Ince (I barley) and Karma (K, triticale) genotypes; Aktaş (A) and Güneş (G) buckwheat genotypes are rich in minerals, amino acid and organic acid. Buckwheat may be an important component as well as other cereals in the food industry. Besides, as gluten-free genotypes Aktaş and Güneş buckwheat genotypes could be widely used for producing gluten-free products beneficial for persons with gluten intolerance (celiac disease). Further detailed and systematical studies will help to determine biochemical composition, to improve usability, and breed new genotypes in buckwheat.

The quality characteristics of medium hard wheat flour were investigated after treatment with ozone gas (5 mg/L at 3.3 L/min) as a function of time (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 h) in the study. Results indicated that the wet gluten content and whiteness of wheat flour increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the control. However, α-amylase activity, peak viscosities, hot paste viscosity, and cold paste viscosity decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during oxidation. For the microstructure, starch granules were reduced in size with ozone treatment and all became single starch granules after 1.5 h treatment. Ozone treatment time for 1.0 h had positive effects on quality scores, volume/weight, height, skin color, skin structure, external appearance and internal structure. Ozone treatment was beneficial in wheat flours to obtain improved steamed bread properties.

This paper analyzes the importance of the milling of wheat in the region of the Tierra de Campos in Valladolid in the middle of the 18th century. Despite being an essential operation for the survival of the population, little research has been done on this subject. Thanks to the use of the Respuestas Generales of the Cadastre of Ensenada, it has been possible to locate all the artifacts that grinded the wheat: water mills, windmills and flour mills. The most numerous were the hydraulic mills, which were distributed along the few rivers of the region, leaving many mills that did not have this energy resource without mills. Therefore, its location did not depend on demand, but on the availability of energy. In order to alleviate part of this geographical condition, the use of flour mills powered by mules extended to the lack of water mills.

An analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat starch was performed. The gelatinization stage was carried out between 90-95°C for 15min. In the liquefaction stage, a commercial α-amylase was used with an enzyme-substrate ratio (E/S ratio) 0.036%w/w at 60°C and pH 5.8 for 4h. In the saccharification stage, a commercial amyloglucosidase was used with an E/S ratio of 0.11% w/w at 60°C and pH 4.3 for 6h. A second hydrolysis was evaluated using a E/S ratio of  0.18%w/w in the saccharification stage. Two methods of enzymatic deactivation, boiling temperatures and pH were evaluated. Inhibitory effects were studied by adding 180g/L of glucose to the process. It is concluded that increases in the E/S ratio decrease reaction times but reaches similar concentrations than lower ratios, the most efficient enzymatic deactivation method is pH. In the inhibition tests, it was determined that there are no glucose inhibitory effects.

Cladodes are considered by-products of Opuntia ficus-indica cultivation. Their addition as source of antioxidants to durum wheat breads could have effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and inflammation. The inclusion of 0-5-10-15% cladodes, harvested in three different locations, on quality and antioxidant properties of fortified durum wheat breads has been evaluated. The enrichment with 10% of cladodes resulted in an increase in the content of total phenolics (14.8 vs 2.7 mg GAE/100 g of control bread), a decrease of IC 50 (3.28 vs 49.7 mg/ml of control bread), good rheological characteristics of loaves and largely positive evaluation by panel test. Fortification with 15% of cladodes caused an increase in the resistance to the mixture with a reduction of dough extensibility. In addition, the evaluation of different populations of Opuntia gave information about the valorization of the crop and could be a strategy to increase bioactive compounds in durum wheat breads.

La frase “Felipe Trigo es un corruptor de menores y del idioma” se ha convertido en un tópico de la historiografía literaria. Supuestamente Clarín escribe esta descalificación en una reseña sobre la novela Las ingenuas (1901) de Trigo. Diferentes hispanistas han transmitido la frase en sus manuales de literatura española, aceptando la autoría de Clarín: Henri Peseux-Richard (1913), Ernest Merimée (1922) y Sylvanus Griswold Morley (1931). Aunque en dicha fuente Clarín critica la incorrección lingüística del novelista, no aborda cuestiones morales ni escribe la frase atribuida. Sin embargo, es posible demostrar que el propio Felipe Trigo forja la sentencia y la atribuye a Clarín en una conferencia impartida el 17 de febrero de 1907, que luego sería incluida como capítulo del libro El amor en la vida y en los libros (1907). Esta mixtificación forma parte del programa desarrollado por Trigo para construir su propio mito como representante principal de la “novela moderna”. The statement “Felipe Trigo is a corrupter of minors and of language” has become a commonplace to describe this author in literary histories. Supposedly, Clarín coins this phrase in a review of Trigo’s novel Las ingenuas (1901). Several Hispanists have quoted this judgment in their handbooks of Spanish literature: Henri Peseux-Richard (1913), Ernest Merimée (1922), and Sylvanus Griswold Morley (1931). Although Clarín in his review does criticize Trigo for his incorrect use of Spanish, he does not address moral issues in relation to Trigo, nor does he write the phrase attributed to him. Nevertheless, it is possible to demonstrate that, on February 17, 1907 Trigo himself employs this expression and attributes it to Clarín in a lecture which would later constitute a chapter of his book El amor en la vida y en los libros (1907). We can understand the artifice, confusion, and misattribution of this phrase as part of an attempt by Trigo to consolidate his own myth as a principal representative of the “modern novel.”

Waldo Frank y Luis Araquistáin se conocieron en el verano de 1921, durante un primer viaje del escritor estadounidense a España. A partir de entonces se fraguó entre ellos una amistad que se prolongaría durante más de tres décadas. Solo se vieron en persona dos veces más, ambas en España y la última durante la Guerra Civil, si bien mantuvieron el vínculo vital a través de una relación epistolar. Valiéndose fundamentalmente de su correspondencia, este artículo tiene como principal objetivo mostrar las trayectorias paralelas de los dos autores en el convulso siglo XX, así como dar a conocer su amistad. Waldo Frank and Luis Araquistáin met in the summer of 1921, during the American writer’s first trip to Spain. From then on, a friendship that would last for more than three decades was forged between them. They only met in person two more times, both of which took place in Spain. Their last face-to-face meeting was during the Spanish Civil War. However, despite these few physical encounters, they maintained a lifelong connection in their correspondence. This article aims to show the parallel trajectories of both authors during the turbulent twentieth century, and to shed light on their friendship, which was sustained primarily by way of their epistolary relationship.