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The head of the Texas Department of Public Safety on June 21 blamed Chief Pedro “Pete” Arredondo for the long delay before police entered Robb Elementary on May 24, when 19 students and 2 teachers were killed.

The increasingly visible presence of heavily armed police units in American communities has stoked widespread concern over the militarization of local law enforcement. Advocates claim militarized policing protects officers and deters violent crime, while critics allege these tactics are targeted at racial minorities and erode trust in law enforcement. Using a rare geocoded census of SWAT team deployments from Maryland, I show that militarized police units are more often deployed in communities with large shares of African American residents, even after controlling for local crime rates. Further, using nationwide panel data on local police militarization, I demonstrate that militarized policing fails to enhance officer safety or reduce local crime. Finally, using survey experiments—one of which includes a large oversample of African American respondents—I show that seeing militarized police in news reports may diminish police reputation in the mass public. In the case of militarized policing, the results suggest that the often-cited trade-off between public safety and civil liberties is a false choice.

What are the political consequences of militarizing law enforcement? Across the world, law enforcement has become increasingly militarized over the last three decades, with civilian police operating more like armed forces and soldiers replacing civilian police in law enforcement tasks. Scholarly, policy, and journalistic attention has mostly focused on the first type, but has neglected the study of three main areas toward which we seek to contribute: 1) the constabularization of the military—i.e., when the armed forces take on the responsibilities of civilian law enforcement agencies, 2) the extent to which this process has taken place outside of the United States, and 3) its political consequences. Toward this end, we unpack the concept of militarized law enforcement, develop theoretical expectations about its political consequences, take stock of militarization in Latin America, and evaluate whether expectations have played out in the region. We show that the distinction between civilian and military law enforcement typical of democratic regimes has been severely blurred in the region. Further, we argue that the constabularization of the military has had important consequences for the quality of democracy in the region by undermining citizen security, human rights, police reform, and the legal order.

Results of the tactical team performance and interaction patterns provide tools for the soccer coach to design small-sided games in training sessions to match the specific aspects of tactical behavior of full-sized matches.

This study investigated differences in the body composition of police officers from different occupational groups and the moderation effects of leisure time physical activity (LTPA). A sample of 237 police officers (special anti-terrorist unit, gendarmerie, firefighters, and general duties) participated in the study. Body mass index (BMI), percent of body fat (%BF), percent of skeletal muscle mass (%SMM), and index of hypokinesia (IH) were assessed using a multichannel bioelectric impedance analyzer and officers reported the amount of LTPA using an international physical activity questionnaire. The sample was divided in three groups relative to LTPA, sedentary (0–149 min/week), moderately active (150–299 min/week), and very active (300+ min/week). Multiple analysis of variance (4 × 3) was used to analyze if occupational groups differed based solely on occupation, if officers from the same occupation differed in muscularity and fatness based on LTPA, and if any differences in body composition occurred between officers from different occupations with the same level of LTPA. Police officers from more physically demanding occupations demonstrated lower %BF and IH, while having higher %SMM. This was also observed among the officers of the same occupation who reported a higher LTPA, while officers who reported very high LTPA had similar body composition.

Significant concerns have been raised about the use of tactical officers, who are suggested to be predisposed to use force—particularly deadly force—when interacting with the public. Given this, we conducted a systematic review of research that compares the decision-making of officers with tactical experience and those without tactical experience (i.e. patrol and recruits). Specifically, we examined the following research questions: (1) across officers who received different training (i.e. officers with tactical experience and officers without tactical experience), are there differences in use-of-force decision-making (e.g. reaction time and decisions to use force)?; and (2) what cognitive processes explain any differences in decision-making (e.g. gaze control and mental models)? Using the PRISMA guidelines we conducted a systematic literature review in which six databases were used to identify articles. Of the 388 articles that were screened, we conducted a narrative synthesis of 10 studies and found that tactical officers are not only able to make more accurate decisions to use deadly force but are also able to make those decisions faster than officers without tactical training. The enhanced decision-making observed in tactical officers was largely explained by where tactical officers fixate their gaze during unfolding scenarios, as well as an enhanced ability to predict how a situation will unfold. Based on our findings, tactical officers are not primed to use (deadly) force as has been suggested. We call for more research that explores the decision-making processes of tactical officers and the extent to which they have expertise in managing potential use-of-force encounters.

High-profile mass shootings, terrorist attacks, and experience acquired during recent conflicts have led to a shift in police tactics, who now follow an aggressive approach to immediately neutralize the threat in addition to providing early tactical medical care. A growing number of police tactical teams now include physicians in their ranks to increase the level of forward care. Many ethical questions arise from having physicians on police tactical teams, such as the notion of risk, the use of force, and the ultimate role the physician is expected to play. Having a physician in such a team may be an invaluable asset to increase the team’s safety and allow for advanced forward care, however, this requires two important conditions. The first is that the role of the physician is clearly defined and that what is expected of him is in line with medical ethics, while the second is extensive tactical training with the team to collaborate flawlessly in this complex, high-stress environment.

PurposeThis study explores how police culture is experienced by women officers serving in positions where they are significantly underrepresented (i.e. leadership and elite specialty units) and the environmental factors that shape these experiences.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative analysis of transcripts from interviews with 71 women serving in male-dominated roles was conducted (N = 39 ranking women; N = 32 women on elite units).FindingsParticipants described five occupational, organizational and assignment-level factors that shaped their workplace experiences. While some contextual forces at play are similar for women working patrol (e.g. traditional police culture, the underrepresentation of women in law enforcement) unique position-level factors were also identified (e.g. the high-risk and consequential nature of the work).Practical implicationsWhile the cultural environment for women patrol officers has improved in the past few decades, the same cannot be said for women working in positions that are still dominated by men. More attention to this area of policing is needed to ensure gender diversity is achieved throughout organizations and not only in positions deemed suitable for women.Originality/valueThe study extends research on women in policing beyond the focus on patrol. Further, it explores the assignment- and rank-based perspectives of police culture, which are largely absent from the literature.

In this paper, we are concerned with the existence of almost periodic response solutions for the superlinear Duffing’s equation with an almost periodic external force. Assume that the system is reversible, and if the almost periodic forcing term admits a rapidly converging Fourier series, moreover the Diophantine condition for the frequencies is satisfied, the existence of response solutions will be proved. The proof is based on a modified KAM (Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser) theorem for reversible systems.

The Mars 2020 Mastcam‐Z stereo camera investigation enables the generation of three dimension (3D) data products needed to visualize and analyze rocks, outcrops, and other geological and aeolian features. The Planetary Robotics Vision Processing framework “PRoViP” as well as the Instrument Data System on a tactical—sol‐by‐sol—timeframe generate 3D vision products, such as panoramas, distance maps, and textured meshes. Structure‐from‐motion used by the Advanced Science Targeting Toolkit for Robotic Operations (ASTTRO) “Landform” tool and long baseline stereo pipelines add to the 3D vision products' suite on various scales. Data fusion with textured meshes from satellite imagery and 3D data analysis and interpretation of the resulting large 3D data sets is realized by visualization assets like the Planetary Robotics Vision 3D Viewer PRo3D, the 3D Geographical Information System GIS CAMP (Campaign Analysis Mapping and Planning tool), the ASTTRO 3D data presentation and targeting tool, and the Mastcam‐Z planning tool Viewpoint. The pipelines' workflows and the user‐oriented features of the visualization assets, shared across the Mars 2020 mission, are reported. The individual role and interplay, complements and synergies of the individual frameworks are explained. Emphasis is laid on publicly available 3D vision data products and tools. A representative set of scientific use cases from planetary geology, aeolian activity, soil analysis and impact science illustrates the scientific workflow, and public data deployment modes are briefly outlined, demonstrating that 3D vision processing and visualization is an essential mission‐wide asset to solve important planetary science questions such as prevailing wind direction, soil composition, or geologic origin. Plain Language Summary Image processing enables to describe the surface of Mars in three dimension (3D) using the Mastcam‐Z stereo cameras' images. The 3D reconstruction of the rocks, geological outcrops, as well as aeolian and mineralogical features, are crucial for understanding the planet's past. Image processing tools to reconstruct the surface of Mars from the images are available to the Mars 2020 Team, generating 3D data products with various information about the surface on Mars like elevation maps or distance maps that record the 3D coordinates of each point. To interpret these products, tools needed for their visualization and analysis are presented here. In a combination with data from other sensors or sources—including 3D models obtained from satellite, and at different scales the interpretation of the processed products is enhanced. The reader learns about the synergies and interplay between these tools, including publicly available tools. Demonstrative planetary science examples, processed by the Mastcam‐Z science team with the above mentioned tools, are presented. Geological features, such as wind activity, soil analysis, and impact science, are analyzed, illustrating the scientific work carried out and in particular the benefit of 3D vision processing and visualization for such analysis work. Key Points The Mars 2020 Mastcam‐Z investigation's stereoscopic zoom camera pair enables the assembly of 3D models of the rover environment Processing and visualization for scientific 3D data exploitation establishes mission science in full knowledge about spatial relationships Important scientific use cases for Mastcam‐Z 3D vision processing and visualization illustrate the importance of 3D for Mars science