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"Tadpoles."
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The mysterious tadpole
It soon becomes clear that Louis's pet tadpole is not turning into an ordinary frog.
Book
Ranid Herpesvirus 3 Infection in Common Frog Rana temporaria Tadpoles
Ranid herpesvirus 3 (RaHV3) is a recently discovered virus associated with skin disease in frogs. We detected RaHV3 DNA in free-ranging common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles, consistent with premetamorphic infection. Our finding reveals a critical aspect of RaHV3 pathogenesis, relevant for amphibian ecology and conservation and, potentially, for human health.
Journal Article
Pollen as food: effects of consumption on tadpole growth, development, and mobility
The structure of many aquatic food webs is influenced by tadpole survivorship and duration of seasonal occupancy, which depend on tadpole diet. Pollen has been occasionally reported to occur in tadpole diets, and the available studies show that tadpoles have a strong preference for this supposedly nutritive resource. Thus, we aimed to test whether a diet composed of pollen from varied plant species would boost tadpole growth, development, and agility/mobility, compared to a regular artificial balanced and nutritive diet. Tadpoles in initial developmental stages 25 and 30 grew more when fed with pollen, compared to artificial food and a mixture of both diets. Those initially in stage 30 advanced more developmental stages during one month when fed exclusively with pollen. Tadpoles fed with pollen moved longer distances in response to an aversive stimulus simulating a predatory attack than tadpoles fed with artificial food or a mixed diet. Our results corroborate the hypotheses of pollen being a very important food source to aquatic consumers such as tadpoles, being likely to influence the structure of aquatic food webs through tadpole nutrition and modulation of growth/development speed, as well as tadpole ability to escape predators.
Journal Article
Tadpole to frog : animals grow up
Caterpillar to butterfly, tadpole to frog--some creatures take growing up to a whole new level. Learn all about how animals grow and change in this leveled co-reader, meant for parents and kids to read together.
Book
Maternal chemical defenses predict offspring defenses in a dendrobatid poison frog
Within and among populations, alkaloid defenses of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) vary spatially, temporally, and with life history stage. Natural variation in defense has been implicated as a critical factor in determining the level of protection afforded against predators and pathogens. Oophaga pumilio tadpoles sequester alkaloids from nutritive eggs and are, thus, entirely dependent on their mothers for their defense. However, it remains unclear how tadpole alkaloid composition relates to that of its mother and how variation in maternally provisioned defenses might result in varying levels of protection against predators. Here, we demonstrate that natural variation in the alkaloid composition of a mother frog is reflected as variation in her tadpole’s alkaloid composition. Tadpoles, like mother frogs, varied in their alkaloid composition but always contained the identical alkaloids found in their mother. Alkaloid quantity in tadpoles was highly correlated with alkaloid quantity in their mothers. Additionally, alkaloid quantity was the best predictor of tadpole palatability, wherein tadpoles with higher alkaloid quantities were less palatable. Mother frogs with greater quantities of alkaloids are, thus, providing better protection for their offspring by provisioning chemical defenses during one of the most vulnerable periods of life.
Journal Article
The frogs and toads all sang
Presents a linked collection of stories featuring frogs, toads, and polliwogs.
Book
Experience during development triggers between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity
1. Behavioural consistency within and across behaviours (animal personality and behavioural syndrome, respectively) has been vigorously studied in the last decade, leading to the emergence of \"animal personality\" research. It has been proposed recently that not only mean behaviour (behavioural type), but the environmentally induced behavioural change (behavioural plasticity) might also differ between individuals within populations. 2. While case studies presenting between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity have started to accumulate, the mechanisms behind its emergence are virtually unknown. We have recently demonstrated that ecologically relevant environmental stimuli during ontogeny are necessary for the development of animal personality and behavioural syndromes. However, it is unknown whether between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity is hard-wired or induced. 3. Here, we tested whether experience with predation during development affected predator-induced behavioural plasticity in Rana dalmatina tadpoles. We ran a common garden experiment with two ontogenetic predation treatments: tadpoles developed from hatching in either the presence or absence of olfactory predator stimuli. Then, we assayed all tadpoles repeatedly for activity and risk-taking both in the absence and presence of olfactory predator stimuli. 4. We found that (a) between-individual variation in predator-induced behavioural plasticity was present only in the group that developed in the presence of olfactory stimuli from predators and (b) previous experience with predatory stimuli resulted in lower plastic response at the group level. The latter pattern resulted from increased between-individual variation and not from universally lower individual responses. We also found that experience with predation during development increased the predictability (i.e. decreased the within-individual variation unrelated to environmental change) of activity, but not risk-taking. In line with this, tadpoles developing under perceived predatory risk expressed their activity with higher repeatability. 5. We suggest that ecologically relevant environmental stimuli are not only fundamental for the development of animal personality and behavioural syndromes, but also for individual variation in behavioural plasticity. Thus, experience is of central importance for the emergence of individual behavioural variation at many levels.
Journal Article
Leaps and bounce
Illustrations and rhyming text follow a small group of tadpoles as they undergo a change, from tiny, tailed swimmers to leaping frogs.
Book
Multi-fidelity optimization via surrogate modelling
This paper demonstrates the application of correlated Gaussian process based approximations to optimization where multiple levels of analysis are available, using an extension to the geostatistical method of co-kriging. An exchange algorithm is used to choose which points of the search space to sample within each level of analysis. The derivation of the co-kriging equations is presented in an intuitive manner, along with a new variance estimator to account for varying degrees of computational 'noise' in the multiple levels of analysis. A multi-fidelity wing optimization is used to demonstrate the methodology.
Journal Article