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Economic Development in Tatarstan
Based on extensive original research in the Republic of Tatarstan, in the Central Volga region of Russia, this book examines the economic development path followed by Tatarstan since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Russian financial crash of 1998. It argues that the roles of global capitalism and globalisation are somewhat exaggerated in much contemporary academic literature. In the case of Tatarstan, a strong state role, tightly-knit local elite networks, and the inheritance of the Soviet politic and industrial systems are the most important socio-economic formations in explaining the region's development.
eBook
Inflammatory Bowel Disease–Associated Changes in the Gut: Focus on Kazan Patients
Abstract
Background
Several studies have highlighted the role of host–microbiome interactions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), resulting in an increasing amount of data mainly focusing on Western patients. Because of the increasing prevalence of IBD in newly industrialized countries such as those in Asia, the Middle East, and South America, there is mounting interest in elucidating the gut microbiota of these populations. We present a comprehensive analysis of several IBD-related biomarkers and gut microbiota profiles and functions of a unique population of patients with IBD and healthy patients from Kazan (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia).
Methods
Blood and fecal IBD biomarkers, serum cytokines, and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content were profiled. Finally, fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S and whole-genome shotgun sequencing.
Results
Fecal microbiota whole-genome sequencing confirmed the presence of classic IBD dysbiotic features at the phylum level, with increased abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria and decreased abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia. At the genus level, the abundance of both fermentative (SCFA-producing and hydrogen (H2)-releasing) and hydrogenotrophic (H2-consuming) microbes was affected in patients with IBD. This imbalance was confirmed by the decreased abundance of SCFA species in the feces of patients with IBD and the change in anaerobic index, which mirrors the redox status of the intestine.
Conclusions
Our analyses highlighted how IBD-related dysbiotic microbiota—which are generally mainly linked to SCFA imbalance—may affect other important metabolic pathways, such as H2 metabolism, that are critical for host physiology and disease development.
Journal Article
Tatarstan in der Transformation
Die Studie untersucht das in den tatarischen Transformationsdiskursen von der Nationalbewegung propagierte Modell \"Nation als ethnische Gemeinschaft\". Insbesondere widmet sie sich den Fragen, inwieweit dieses Modell geeignet war, der Rekonstituierung von staatlichen Institutionen den Weg zu bereiten und in welcher Weise die politische Elite die ethnische Mobilisierung der Tataren als Mittel ihrer Herrschaftssicherung einsetzte. Der für eine gedeihliche Entwicklung notwendige inter-ethnische Frieden in einer Republik, in der Tataren und Russen zu etwa gleichen Anteilen insgesamt mehr als 90 Prozent der Bevölkerung stellen, wäre ohne Konzessionen an die russische Bevölkerung nicht zu erreichen gewesen. Nicht zuletzt deshalb propagierte die von Tataren dominierte politische Elite das Konzept \"multi-ethnische tatarstanische Nation\". Aufgezeigt wird der Widerspruch zwischen diesem in der Verfassung verankerten Modell von Nation und der politischen Praxis, die eine merkbare Tatarisierung der Gesellschaft bewirkte. Weiter geht es um die Frage, welche Bedeutung die tatarische Bevölkerung der ethnischen Mobilisierung zumaß sowie ob und in welchem Maße sie eine Rückkehr zu ethnisch-nationalen Werten vollzog. Last but not least wird der Versuch unternommen, die Marker tatarischer nationaler Identität (Sprache, Religion usw.) zu gewichten.
eBook
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among small mammals in Tatarstan, Russian Federation
Toxoplasma gondii
is a zoonotic parasite with a wide host range that includes humans, domestic animals and wild animals. Small mammals serve as intermediate hosts for
T. gondii
and may contribute to the persistence of this parasite in the environment. Mass mortality in wild animals and deaths in rare endemic species make the study of this parasite of growing importance. In this study,
T. gondii
infection prevalence was evaluated in brain tissues from 474 small mammals captured at 26 trapping points in urban and rural areas of Tatarstan, Russian Federation. Nested PCR was used to detect the
T. gondii
B1 gene in the samples. Overall, 40/474 samples (8.44%) showed B1 gene positivity.
T. gondii
infection among the wild small mammals trapped in the rural area was significantly higher as a whole than that of the urban area as a whole. Multivariate logistical regression analysis also showed that the trapping area (rural or urban) significantly contributed to
T. gondii
positivity. Vegetation in the trapping points, small mammal species, sex, age or distance from the trapping points to the nearest human settlements did not significantly affect
T. gondii
positivity in the sampled small mammals.
Journal Article
Corruption as an obstacle to sustainable development: A regional example
Corruption in various sectors causes serious damage not only to individual economies, countries, and regions but also to humanity as a whole. This paper analyzes the state of corruption in the Republic of Tatarstan, the manifestations of which restrain the development of the Republic, and presents the results of a pilot sociological study that demonstrate changes in the perception of problems of corruption in society. The sustainable development of a region is influenced by various economic and social factors. The results of this research show that one of these factors is corruption, which is often used as a tool for managing territories at various levels. It is a serious obstacle to the achievement of continuous sustainable development of a region, as it impedes the building of harmonious relations between state, government, society, and business. Sustainable development of a region can be described as a system and as a process. In this study, “sustainable development” refers to the process in which various stakeholder interactions take place that influence the established order of relations in the region. The findings suggest that when assessing the effectiveness of a region’s sustainable development, the level of corruption should be considered as an indicator of its stability. Some measures were proposed to improve the organization of anti-corruption work in the Republic of Tatarstan for leveling social tensions in society.
Journal Article
Multisensory prosumption: how cooking classes shape perceptions of destinations
Purpose
This study aims to examine the multisensory experiences of participating in a cooking class and how they shape perceptions of destinations in the pre-trip stage. Performance theory and prosumption provide a theoretical lens to investigate how a cooking class influences the pre-trip destination sensescape.
Design/methodology/approach
This study used participatory action research consisting of an immersive Tatarstan cooking class experience with the supporting materials of music and videos, focus group discussions and participant observations.
Findings
Cooking class participants prosume local culture and (re)construct the perceptions of Tatarstan by partaking in cooking classes through a multisensory experience. The pre-trip destination sensescape formation in the cooking class is dynamic, stimulating and memorable. With active engagement in co-creating in the process, such experience significantly strengthens and reshapes the perceptions of a destination.
Practical implications
Cooking classes can be leveraged in pre-trip marketing as a tool to enhance the competitiveness of tourism destinations and contribute to accessible tourism, such as engaging visually impaired tourists’ other heightened senses in experience design and marketing.
Originality/value
This study revealed that participation in cooking classes involves active, embodied and multisensory engagement, which acts as a vehicle of the destination perception change.
Journal Article
Epidemiology of Symptomatic Chiari Malformation in Tatarstan: Regional and Ethnic Differences in Prevalence
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Epidemiology can assess the effect of Chiari I malformation (CM1) on the neurological health of a population and evaluate factors influencing CM1 development.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the regional and ethnic differences in the prevalence of CM1.
METHODS
The population of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) in the Russian Federation was evaluated for patients with CM1 symptoms over an 11-yr period. Typical symptoms of CM1 were found in 868 patients. Data from neurological examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of posterior cranial fossa structures were analyzed.
RESULTS
MRI evidence of CM1, defined as cerebellar tonsils lying at least 5 mm inferior to the foramen magnum, was found in 67% of symptomatic patients. Another 33% of symptomatic patients had 2 to 4 mm of tonsillar ectopia, which we defined as “borderline Chiari malformation type 1 (bCM1).” The period prevalence in the entire RT for symptomatic CM1 was 20:100 000; for bCM1 was 10:100 000; and for CM1 and bCM1 together was 30:100 000. Prevalence of patients with CM1 symptoms was greater in the northern than southern districts of Tatarstan, due to a high prevalence (413:100 000) of CM1 in the Baltasy region in one of the northern districts.
CONCLUSION
One-third of patients with typical symptoms of CM1 had less than 5 mm of tonsillar ectopia (bCM1). Assessments of the health impact of CM1-type symptoms on a patient population should include the bCM1 patient group. A regional disease cluster of patients with Chiari malformation was found in Baltasy district of RT and needs further study.
Journal Article