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National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Speaking in the Majlis on the vote of confidence to President Rouhani's proposed ministers, [Ahmad Tavakkoli] added: \"Those who acted against the establishment in 2009 and did not respect the orders of the Velayat-e Faqih [Islamic jurisprudence - leadership] or encouraged people to take to streets, are not suitable to be in the cabinet.

According to the information I gave to my colleagues, the government is refraining from issuing foreign currency intentionally.

In a report prepared by him, [Ahmad Tavakkoli] has provided details of demands made by [Ahmadinezhad] asking the Majlis to include the amount of 110bn dollars generated through raising the prices of energy products and water as the income of the government and to do away with subsidies plan during this year,...

MP and member of Iran's Principle-ists United Front Mohammad Tavakkoli has said that Sa'id Mortazavi's appointment as the head of Social Welfare Organization is \"illegal\", Mehr news agency reported on 24 April.

[BBCM note: It was previously reported that Iranian students and supporters of the Steadfastness Front are to launch a new internet TV channel named Paydari (ref HYPERLINK \"http://www.shabakepaydari.com\" http://www.shabakepaydari.com) on 21 April, ahead of the second round of Iranian parliamentary...

Ahmad Tavakkoli, the head of the Majlis Research Centre, has criticized an economy dependant on oil revenues calling it \"inflation-prone\" economy, Fars reported.

[Ahmad Tavakkoli] added: This method of filtering incurs other forms of losses as well. On the one hand it urges people to break the law and resort to anti-filtering methods and on the other hand it will incapacitate filtering as an effective control tool. When the majority of Internet users are pushed towards using anti-filter software, filtering will lose its effectiveness.

Elyas Naderan and [Ahmad Tavakkoli] wrote to Speaker Ali Larjani, urging him to hold an emergency Majlis meeting to look into the problems of Iran's economy which is at a \"critical...

Head of the Iranian Majlis Research Centre Ahmad Tavakkoli has urged the principle-ist groups to cooperate with the Iranian Islamic system with \"unanimity\" in the upcoming parliamentary election, IRNA reported.