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"Tears"
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Time-course observation of tear film dynamics during VR headset use
Dry eye disease is characterized by tear film instability, often linked to a reduced blink rate during prolonged visual display use. Although blink suppression during virtual reality (VR) headset use has been reported, its effect on tear film stability remains unclear. Accordingly, we developed a system using an ultra-compact camera for the time-course, noninvasive observation of tear film dynamics. Fourteen healthy participants played a 30-min VR game while tear film kinetics were analyzed. As gameplay progressed, a significant increase in the interference grade of the tear film lipid layer was observed (
p
< 0.05), along with elevated corneal and upper eyelid surface temperatures (
p
< 0.05). The increased interference grade suggests thickening of the lipid layer, possibly attributable to a periocular temperature elevation which may result in facilitation of the incorporation of polar lipids into the nonpolar lipid layer. These findings suggest that VR headset use may increase lipid layer thickness, potentially improving tear film stability under these conditions.
Journal Article
Cry, baby : why our tears matter
\"One of our most private acts, weeping can forge connection. Tears may obscure our vision, but they can also bring great clarity. And in both literature and life, weeping often opens a door to transformation or even resurrection. But many of us have been taught to suppress our emotions and hide our tears. When writer Benjamin Perry realized he hadn't cried in more than ten years, he undertook an experiment: to cry every day. But he didn't anticipate how tears would bring him into deeper relationship with a world that's breaking. Cry, Baby explores humans' rich legacy of weeping--and why some of us stopped. With the keen gaze of a journalist and the vulnerability of a good friend, Perry explores the great paradoxes of our tears. Why do we cry? In societies marked by racism, sexism, and homophobia, who is allowed to cry--and who isn't? And if weeping tells us something fundamental about who we are, what do our tears say? Exploring the vast history, literature, physiology, psychology, and spirituality of crying, we can recognize our deepest hopes and longings, how we connect to others, and the social forces bent on keeping us from mourning. When faced with the private and sometimes unspeakable sorrows of daily life, not to mention existential threats like climate change and systemic racism, we cry for the world in which we long to live. As we reclaim our crying as a central part of being human, we not only care for ourselves and relearn how to express our vulnerable emotions; we also prophetically reimagine the future. Ultimately, weeping can bring us closer to each other and to the world we desire and deserve\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Comprehensive lipid analysis of human meibum and tears
Abnormalities in the tear film lipid layer, which plays a critical role in preventing water evaporation and protecting the corneal surface, lead to dry eye disease. The lipids in this layer include both meibum lipids (from the meibomian glands) and phospholipids of other origins. Meibum lipids include cholesteryl esters, wax monoesters, wax diesters (WdiEs), (
O
-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs), and cholesteryl OAHFAs. Nonetheless, the exact composition of these lipid classes remains largely unclear. Here, we analyze the composition of cholesteryl esters, wax monoesters, WdiEs, OAHFAs, cholesteryl OAHFAs, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins in human meibum and tears using multiple reaction monitoring mode liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which is highly sensitive, selective, and quantitative. This revealed that the WdiEs in meibum and tears fall within the type 1ω and 2ω classes. Among the lipids examined, the type 1ω WdiEs in particular comprised diverse species. The lipid composition of most of the lipid classes, except for the phosphatidylcholines, was similar in meibum and tears. The findings of this comprehensive lipid analysis contribute to elucidating the overall composition of human meibum and tear lipids.
Journal Article
The crying book
\"Award-winning poet Heather Christle has just lost a dear friend to suicide and must reckon with her own struggles with depression and the birth of her first child. How she faces her joy, grief, anxiety, impending motherhood, and conflicted truce with the world results in a moving meditation on the nature, rapture, and perils of crying--from the history of tear-catching gadgets (including the woman who designed a gun that shoots tears) to the science behind animal tears (including moths who drink them) to the fraught role of white women's tears in racist violence.\"--Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Impact of temporal tear meniscus height on the tear osmolarity measurements
Tear hyperosmolarity plays a crucial role in initiation of inflammatory response and damage to ocular surface epithelia. Accurate measurement of tear osmolarity is essential for dry eye. This prospective observational and experimental study was conducted in 182 eyes of 182 participants, including 115 subjects with dry eye (Sjögren syndrome aqueous-deficient dry eye [SS ADDE], non-SS ADDE, and evaporative DE [EDE]), 36 with conjunctivochalasis (CCh), and 31 normal controls (NC). The ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear meniscus height (TMH), Schirmer I test, tear matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tear breakup time, and ocular staining score were assessed. Tear osmolarity was measured using the TearLab osmolarity system (Escondido, CA, USA) by applying 1.0 μl tears collected by micropipette to the TearLab test card or by direct contact between the test card and the temporal tear meniscus. For in vitro analyses, osmolarity of 271.25, 300, 347.5, and 395 mOsm/L solutions were measured at various volumes (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 μl) with a TearLab osmometer. Tear osmolarity measured by direct contact was higher than that measured by micropipette (13.7 ± 10.5 mOsm/L,
p
< 0.001). The difference of osmolarities was higher in the non-SS ADDE, SS ADDE, and CCh than in the NC and EDE (
p
< 0.001 for all). Osmolarity was negatively correlated with Schirmer score and TMH (r = − 0.346,
p
< 0.001; r = − 0.447,
p
< 0.001, respectively). The smaller the sample volume, the higher the measured osmolarity in the in vitro analysis at 300 and 347.5 mOsm/L (r = − 0.659,
p
< 0.01; r = − 0.579,
p
< 0.05, respectively). The TearLab osmometer tended to report higher tear osmolarity inversely proportional to sample volumes, possibly due to the evaporation effect. Therefore, care should be taken when interpreting tear osmolarity in patients with low tear volume or CCh.
Journal Article
Si tu pleures comme une fontaine
\"Tout le monde pleure: les dalmatiens, les dauphins, les tomates, les autruches et même les limaces. Il y a des millions de raisons de pleurer et c'est parfait ainsi!\"--Back cover.
Book
What’s the situation with ocular inflammation? A cross-seasonal investigation of proteomic changes in ocular allergy sufferers’ tears in Victoria, Australia
BackgroundOcular allergy (OA) is a localized subset of allergy characterized by ocular surface itchiness, redness and inflammation. Inflammation and eye-rubbing, due to allergy-associated itch, are common in OA sufferers and may trigger changes to the ocular surface biochemistry. The primary aim of this study is to assess the differences in the human tear proteome between OA sufferers and Healthy Controls (HCs) across peak allergy season and off-peak season in Victoria, Australia.Methods19 participants (14 OA sufferers, 5 HCs) aged 18–45 were recruited for this study. Participants were grouped based on allergy symptom assessment questionnaire scoring. Proteins were extracted from human tear samples and were run on an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Peaks were matched to a DIA library. Data was analyzed using the software MaxQuant, Perseus and IBM SPSS.Results1267 proteins were identified in tear samples of OA sufferers and HCs. 23 proteins were differentially expressed between peak allergy season OA suffers vs HCs, and 21 were differentially expressed in off-peak season. Decreased proteins in OA sufferers related to cell structure regulation, inflammatory regulation and antimicrobial regulation. In both seasons, OA sufferers were shown to have increased expression of proteins relating to inflammation, immune responses and cellular development.ConclusionTear protein identification showed dysregulation of proteins involved in inflammation, immunity and cellular structures. Proteins relating to cellular structure may suggest a possible link between OA-associated itch and the subsequent ocular surface damage via eye-rubbing, while inflammatory and immune protein changes highlight potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of OA.
Journal Article
Artificial Tears: Biological Role of Their Ingredients in the Management of Dry Eye Disease
Dry eye disease (DED) is the most common ocular surface disease, characterized by insufficient production and/or instability of the tear film. Tear substitutes are usually the first line of treatment for patients with DED. Despite the large variety of tear substitutes available on the market, few studies have been performed to compare their performance. There is a need to better understand the specific mechanical and pharmacological roles of each ingredient composing the different formulations. In this review, we describe the main categories of ingredients composing tear substitutes (e.g., viscosity-enhancing agents, electrolytes, osmo-protectants, antioxidants, lipids, surfactants and preservatives) as well as their effects on the ocular surface, and we provide insight into how certain components of tear substitutes may promote corneal wound healing, and/or counteract inflammation. Based on these considerations, we propose an approach to select the most appropriate tear substitute formulations according to the predominant etiological causes of DED.
Journal Article