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Since 2019, the Italian Association for Non-Destructive Testing has been collaborating with the International Atomic Energy Agency in the sector of development and certification of Non Destructive Testing and during the interventions for recovery after natural and non-natural disasters. In this context Italian experts have had the opportunity to take part to many international technical cooperation missions, at national and regional level, giving training about methods for structural assessment of damaged buildings and on the use of non-destructive testing aimed to analyze the integrity of buildings affected by disasters. These missions have often taken place in complex environmental conditions, due to the geopolitical situation of the areas, like in Beirut or Damascus. However, in any case, the contribution of Italian technicians has been relevant, particularly with reference to the approach to the buildings classified as cultural heritage. It has to be underlined that our national history and culture eases the knowledge transfer to different geographical contexts, and that Italian skills in this specific sector are relevant, as well as appreciated worldwide.

Nuclear technology is dual use in nature, meaning that it can be used to produce nuclear energy or to build nuclear weapons. Despite security concerns about proliferation, the United States and other nuclear nations have regularly shared with other countries nuclear technology, materials, and knowledge for peaceful purposes. In Atomic Assistance, Matthew Fuhrmann argues that governments use peaceful nuclear assistance as a tool of economic statecraft. Nuclear suppliers hope that they can reap the benefits of foreign aid-improving relationships with their allies, limiting the influence of their adversaries, enhancing their energy security by gaining favorable access to oil supplies-without undermining their security. By providing peaceful nuclear assistance, however, countries inadvertently help spread nuclear weapons. Fuhrmann draws on several cases of \"Atoms for Peace,\" including U.S. civilian nuclear assistance to Iran from 1957 to 1979; Soviet aid to Libya from 1975 to 1986; French, Italian, and Brazilian nuclear exports to Iraq from 1975 to 1981; and U.S. nuclear cooperation with India from 2001 to 2008. He also explores decision making in countries such as Japan, North Korea, Pakistan, South Africa, and Syria to determine why states began (or did not begin) nuclear weapons programs and why some programs succeeded while others failed. Fuhrmann concludes that, on average, countries receiving higher levels of peaceful nuclear assistance are more likely to pursue and acquire the bomb-especially if they experience an international crisis after receiving aid. Nuclear technology is dual use in nature, meaning that it can be used to produce nuclear energy or to build nuclear weapons. Despite security concerns about proliferation, the United States and other nuclear nations have regularly shared with other countries nuclear technology, materials, and knowledge for peaceful purposes. In Atomic Assistance , Matthew Fuhrmann argues that governments use peaceful nuclear assistance as a tool of economic statecraft. Nuclear suppliers hope that they can reap the benefits of foreign aid-improving relationships with their allies, limiting the influence of their adversaries, enhancing their energy security by gaining favorable access to oil supplies-without undermining their security. By providing peaceful nuclear assistance, however, countries inadvertently help spread nuclear weapons. Fuhrmann draws on several cases of \"Atoms for Peace,\" including U.S. civilian nuclear assistance to Iran from 1957 to 1979; Soviet aid to Libya from 1975 to 1986; French, Italian, and Brazilian nuclear exports to Iraq from 1975 to 1981; and U.S. nuclear cooperation with India from 2001 to 2008. He also explores decision making in countries such as Japan, North Korea, Pakistan, South Africa, and Syria to determine why states began (or did not begin) nuclear weapons programs and why some programs succeeded while others failed. Fuhrmann concludes that, on average, countries receiving higher levels of peaceful nuclear assistance are more likely to pursue and acquire the bomb-especially if they experience an international crisis after receiving aid.

While innovation matters for competitiveness, it may expose firms to survival risks. Using plant-product data for Chile and discretetime hazard models, we show mat innovating plants have a lower hazard of exit. However, risk has a strong impact on the innovation-exit relationship: only innovators that retain diversified sources of revenue or face lower market risk are less likely to die. Single-product innovators are at greater risk of exiting. Exposure to technical risk does not affect exit probabilities differentially. We provide tentative evidence that singleproduct innovators have higher profits, which helps to rationalize their innovation decision despite the increased risk of exit.

International cooperation has become a global consensus to solve environmental problems. This paper selects the top 30 countries in the global innovation index as the research sample, based on Patent Cooperation Treaties (PCT) data jointly applied in the field of new energy, constructs the international technical cooperation network, and uses the fixed effect panel regression model to verify the influence of international technical cooperation of new energy industry on carbon emission intensity. The results show that the USA, Germany, the UK, France, and the Netherlands are at the center of the network. International technological cooperation in new energy industry has a significant negative impact on carbon emission intensity. The convening of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen has accelerated global industrial upgrading, and the effect of international technical cooperation in new energy on carbon emission reduction has been strengthened. In addition, the level of economic development, international trade, and research and development (R&D) are also important factors affecting carbon emission intensity. Countries with high network centrality should give full play to their network influence to promote global cooperation in the field of new energy and achieve carbon mitigation targets by signing more environmental agreements.

As part of international cooperation efforts by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan has implemented technical cooperation projects for bridge maintenance and management in several countries. The authors conducted technology transfer for bridge inspection and repair in technical cooperation projects in Egypt and the Philippines. This paper describes the past shortcomings and future support methods required based on these efforts as well as maintenance efforts in Japan. At the organizational level, we examined goals and strategies for fostering “effective ownership” and the nature of the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Action) cycle, including effectiveness measurement. At the individual engineer level, we examined the need to accumulate and pass on experience. Through these studies, the sustainable management cycle was examined. As a result, the studies identify the importance of flexibility in project monitoring and revision. It is necessary to determine the evaluation period based on actual achievement rather than time constraints. Besides, it is important to elastically reconsider indicators even at higher levels as well as effective countermeasures.

This text presents a thick description of Portuguese colonial science policy and diplomacy during the era of decolonization with a focus on the social sciences. By examining archival materials from institutions responsible for monitoring Portuguese participation in transimperial organizations for scientific cooperation, it elucidates social-scientific initiatives within the empire and the epistemic and institutional motivations that shaped them, while also providing insight into how these forums interacted across global and imperial contexts. In doing so, the article illuminates the factors that, beyond political circumstances, both drove and delayed the paradigmatic shift in Portuguese colonial science from physical anthropology toward the social sciences. Additionally, it provides a unique, overarching view of these central yet often overlooked actors in the international arena, highlighting their social-scientific drifting, beyond their differences and specificities. This approach holds intrinsic value as it contributes to the history of the Portuguese empire and to the study of late colonialism, underscoring the central role of the social sciences in renewing and legitimizing imperial governance. Additionally, it serves as a case study in the historical sociology of knowledge, expanding on scholarship that has explored the intersection of authoritarianism and imperialism in the natural sciences but not in the social sciences. In terms of the latter, this approach also highlights some of the material and symbolic determinants behind the rise of sociology and social anthropology in Africa, adding a transimperial layer to studies that have explored their colonial origins.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to report on the contributions of the sandwich doctorate to the training of Nursing PhDs, exploring and analyzing its impacts on promoting international collaboration between graduate programs and its contribution to Sustainable Development Goals 4, 5, and 10. Methods: this experience report describes a doctoral student’s journey abroad, supported by a scholarship from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), at a Nursing School in Portugal, conducted between May and July 2023. Results: the results are presented in three sections: activities performed; contributions of the sandwich doctorate to achieving Goals 4, 5, and 10; difficulties encountered and strategies for overcoming them. The sandwich doctorate promotes the acquisition of new knowledge, professional and teaching development, and international partnerships. Final Considerations: international collaboration, facilitated by the sandwich doctorate, contributes to strengthening nursing as a health profession, which plays a highly relevant role in achieving the targets of the 2030 Agenda. RESUMEN Objetivos: relatar las contribuciones del doctorado sándwich para la formación de doctores en Enfermería, con exploración y análisis de los impactos en la promoción de la colaboración internacional entre programas de posgrado y su contribución a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 4, 5 y 10. Métodos: relato de experiencia de una estudiante de doctorado en el exterior, realizado mediante la concesión de una beca por parte del Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (CNPq), en una Escuela de Enfermería de Portugal, entre mayo y julio de 2023. Resultados: presentados en tres secciones: actividades realizadas; contribuciones del doctorado sándwich para el logro de los Objetivos 4, 5 y 10; dificultades encontradas y estrategias para superarlas. El doctorado sándwich promueve la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos, el desarrollo profesional y para la docencia, y las asociaciones internacionales. Consideraciones Finales: la colaboración internacional, facilitada por el doctorado sándwich, contribuye al fortalecimiento de la enfermería como profesión de salud, que tiene un papel altamente relevante en el logro de las metas de la Agenda 2030. RESUMO Objetivos: relatar as contribuições do doutorado sanduíche para a formação de doutores em Enfermagem, com exploração e análise dos impactos na promoção da colaboração internacional entre programas de pós-graduação e sua contribuição para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 4, 5 e 10. Métodos: relato de experiência de uma estudante de doutorado no exterior, realizado por meio de concessão de bolsa pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), em uma Escola de Enfermagem de Portugal, entre maio e julho de 2023. Resultados: apresentados em três seções: atividades realizadas; contribuições do doutorado sanduíche para o alcance dos Objetivos 4, 5 e 10; dificuldades encontradas e estratégias para superação. O doutorado sanduíche promove a aquisição de novos conhecimentos, desenvolvimento profissional e para a docência, e parcerias internacionais. Considerações Finais: a colaboração internacional, facilitada pelo doutorado sanduíche, contribui para o fortalecimento da enfermagem como profissão de saúde, que tem papel altamente relevante no alcance das metas da Agenda 2030.

This article describes the similarities and differences of Japanese and South Korean technical cooperation approaches in Guatemala. The literature review illustrates the transition from an initially donor-centric results chain approach towards one that is increasingly recipient-balanced due to new cooperation principles such as horizontality and demand-drivenness. Such approaches are mainly fostered by the rise of new emerging donors on the international development cooperation horizon, such as the advocates of South-South Development Cooperation (SSDC).An analysis based on a framework by the Network of Southern Think Tanks (NeST) concludes that Japanese and Korean technical cooperation approaches are markedly similar, most notably in regard to officially proclaimed technical cooperation standards and commitments. Differences result from the degree of related implementation: Japan achieves higher results based on relative deficiencies in reporting by Korea as well as comparatively shorter bilateral Korean-Guatemalan relations. Similarities are fostered by analogous institutional and project related structures, stemming from an argued learning and simulation approach by Korea from the long-standing experiences of Japan. Lastly, it is argued that the growing assimilation of the traditional and the SSDC concept, as well as the increasing engagement of both countries in triangular cooperation contribute to the identified similarities.

Natural hazards greatly impact human life and the development of infrastructure, especially in poorer countries. To tackle this issue and develop sufficient strategies with which to assess hazards under local governing conditions, open-source approaches have been pursued in many aid development and technical cooperation projects. In this study, the landslide susceptibility of the Mansehra and Torghar districts is assessed within the framework of the multiphase German-Pakistani technical cooperation project “Georisk Assessment Northern Pakistan” (GANP), which was initiated after the devastating Kashmir Earthquake occurred on October 8, 2005. This landslide susceptibility assessment is strongly aligned with an open data approach that utilizes free, accessible data and data sources. The landslide inventory was collected using high-resolution imagery provided by Google Earth. The landslide-controlling parameters were derived from a series of open access data, including published data, free and accessible satellite imagery (e.g., Landsat), and digital elevation models. A mid-level complexity statistical approach was used to assess relative landslide susceptibility patterns on a regional scale. Stepwise data integration with subsequent evaluation was then applied. The evaluation of the model quality was performed using receiver operation characteristic curves. The established workflow, which also incorporated sensitivity studies and an uncertainty assessment, produces reliable landslide susceptibility patterns that can be used for regional spatial planning.