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A technical feasibility study was carried out at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Hamm-West in 2018, which included preliminary planning for the improvement of the plant, using different advanced wastewater technologies. The results of the technical feasibility study show that the application of activated carbon or ozone, in combination with an additional filtration system, can not only remove organic micropollutants efficiently but can also significantly improve the quality of other standard parameters in the WWTP effluent. This technical feasibility study, along with seven other studies, is part of the module-based approach the Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband (EGLV) is pursuing in order to improve wastewater treatment plants with advanced treatment systems. Finally, the module-based approach can be used to pair the most suitable WWTPs with the best applicable technologies to improve the treatment process in the whole Lippe catchment area.

Residential buildings are being renovated around the world, especially apartments, their solutions are becoming increasingly important. The number of apartments in Korea that are more than 20 years old has reached 4.3 million, and the problem of aged apartments now needs to be addressed. Consequently, the government is promoting the improvement of the residential environment through renovation. In a renovation project, a feasibility study is conducted at the outset, but many apartments fail to complete the renovation process during the project. One reason is that feasibility studies focus on economics without sufficiently considering the technical aspects of the redesign. This study developed a feasibility study model that can pre-evaluate apartment renovation in terms of technology. We selected 27 criteria that affect technical feasibility, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was performed with experts to derive the relative importance of the criteria. Based on the weight of the criteria, we developed an apartment renovation technology feasibility study model. As a result of the study, unit and complex conditions were found to have a significant influence on renovation. Moreover, it was found that the technical feasibility study model can quantitatively evaluate the technical aspects of an apartment to be renovated. First published online 30 December 2021

In this paper, we propose a multiple description video coding system for robust transmission of video signal. We split the video frames into odd and even frames, and encode each frame separately based on JPEG standard. We assume that each description is transmitted in through WCDMA physical layer that used in UMTS. The channel is simulated based on Gilbert/Elliotâs model. We compare the result in threes cases: Video is reconstructed using only one description; video is reconstructed using both descriptions and finally video is reconstructed based on both description, and we do error concealment as well. The video quality is reported based on average peak signal to noise ratio for all cases for video sequences.å¤æ述編碼çMotion JPEGè¦é »å³è¼¸çUMTSæè¦å¨æ¬æ中ï¼æåæåºäºè¦é »ä¿¡èçå³è¼¸å¼·åçå¤æè¿°è¦é »ç·¨ç¢¼ç³»çµ±ãæååå²è¦é »å¹åæå¥æ¸åå¶æ¸å¹ï¼ä¸¦ç·¨ç¢¼åå¥åºæ¼JPEGæ¨æºæ¯å¹ãæåå設æ¯åæè¿°æ¯ééå¨UMTS WCDMA使ç¨çç©ç層å³è¼¸è±å¯¸è©²é »éæ¯åºæ¼åç¾ä¼¯ç¹/åå©å¥§ç¹ç模åä¾æ¨¡æ¬ãæåæ¯è¼ä¸äºæ群çæ…æ³ä¸ï¼çµæï¼è¦é »å…使ç¨ä¸åæè¿°é建;è¦é »ä½¿ç¨é建é½èªªæï¼æå¾é¡¯å¡åºæ¼å…©åæè¿°é建ï¼èæååçé¯èª¤é±èçºå¥½ãè¦é »è³ªéæ¯åºæ¼å¹³åå³°å¼ä¿¡èçºææçæ…æ³ä¸å°è¦é »åºåä¿¡åªæ¯å ±åã

Since the search process of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is non-linear and very complicated, it is hard if not impossible, to mathematically model the search process and dynamically adjust the PSO parameters. Thus, already some fuzzy systems proposed to control the important structural parameters of basic PSO. However, in those researches no effort were reported for optimizing the structural parameters of the designed fuzzy controller. In this paper, a new algorithm called Fuzzy Optimum PSO (FOPSO) has been introduced. FOPSO utilizes two optimized fuzzy systems for optimal controlling the main parameters of basic PSO. Extensive experimental results on many benchmark functions with different dimensions show that the powerfulness and effectiveness of the proposed FOPSO outperforms other versions of PSO.

The focus of this study is on developing a framework for a Quantum Algorithm Processing Unit (QAPU) with the  hybrid architecture for classical-quantum algorithms. The framework is used to increase the implementation performance of quantum algorithms and design Quantum Processing Units (QPU). The framework shows a general plan for the architecture of quantum processors who is capable of run the quantum algorithms. In particular, the QAPU can be used as a quantum node to design a quantum multicomputer. At first, the hybrid architecture is designed for the quantum algorithms. Then, the relationship between the classical and the quantum part of hybrid algorithms is extracted, and main stages of the hybrid algorithm are developed. Next, the framework of the QAPU is designed. Furthermore, the framework is implemented and simulated for the existing quantum algorithms on a classic computer. It is shown that the framework is appropriate for quantum algorithms.

Design and simulation results of fully integrated 5-GHz CMOS LNAs are presented in this paper. Three different input impedance matching techniques are considered. Using a simple L-C network, the parasitic input resistance of a MOSFET is converted to a 50 Ω resistance. As it is analytically proven, that is because the former methods enhance the gain of the LNA by a factor that is inversely proportional to MOSFETâs input resistance. The effect of each input impedance matching on the amplifierâs noise figure and gain is discussed. By employing the folded cascode configuration, these LNAs can operate at a reduced supply voltage and thus lower power consumption. To address the issue of nonlinearity in design of low voltage LNAs, a new linearization technique is employed. As a result, the IIP3 is improved extensively without sacrificing other parameters. These LNAs consume 1.3 mW power under a 0.6 V supply voltage.

Pollution due to heavy metals is currently a serious problems affecting water bodies. The removal of heavy metals is of great concern due to their toxicity at trace levels and accumulation in the biosystem. Here we review the technical feasibility of biosorption and ion exchange methods for the removal of various heavy metals from the aqueous media. Chemical pretreatment of low-cost biosorbents are presented. Chemically modified biosorbents exhibit far better adsorption capacities than unmodified ones. We also highlighted the effect of pH on the biosorption for maximal uptake of heavy metals, because pH modifies the surface charge of the biosorbent as well as the speciation of heavy metals.

This paper incorporates the SSSC FACTS device in optimal power flow solutions to enhance the performance of the power systems. The particle swarm optimization is used for solving the optimal power flow problem for steady-state studies. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was tested on IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems with SSSC FACTS device. Results show that the proposed PSO algorithm gives better solution to enhance the system performance with SSSC device compared to without SSSC device. SSSC FACTSè£ç½®æ§è½æ¡ç¨åºæ¼PSOæåªæ½®æµè§£æ±ºæ¹æ¡åææè¦æ¬ææ´åäºæåªæ½®æµç解決æ¹æ¡SSSC FACTSè£ç½®ï¼ä»¥æé«é»å系統çæ§è½ãç²å­ç¾¤ç®æ³ç¨æ¼è§£æ±ºæåªæ½®æµåé¡ç©©æ…ç ç©¶ã該æ¹æ³çæææ§IEEE14ç¯é»åSSSC FACTSè£ç½®IEEE-30總ç·ç³»çµ±ä¸é²è¡æ¸¬è©¦ãçµæ表æï¼ææåºçPSOç®æ³æä¾äºæ´å¥½ç解決æ¹æ¡ï¼ä»¥å å¼·èSSSC設åç系統æ§è½ç¸æ¯æ²æSSSC設åã

Underground hydrogen storage is a long‐duration energy storage option for a low‐carbon economy. Although research into the technical feasibility of underground hydrogen storage is ongoing, existing underground gas storage (UGS) facilities are appealing candidates for the technology because of their ability to store and deliver natural gas. We estimate that UGS facilities in the United States (U.S.) can store 327 TWh (9.8 MMT) of pure hydrogen. A complete transition to hydrogen storage would reduce the collective working‐gas energy of UGS facilities by ∼75%; however, most (73.2%) UGS facilities could maintain current energy demand using a 20% hydrogen‐natural gas blend. U.S. UGS facilities can buffer 23.9%–44.6% of the high and low hydrogen demand projected for 2050, respectively, which exceeds the current percentage of natural gas demand buffered by storage. Thus, transitioning UGS infrastructure to hydrogen could substantially reduce the number of new hydrogen storage facilities needed to support a hydrogen economy. Plain Language Summary Hydrogen is a high energy content fuel that can be produced with low or zero greenhouse gas emissions from water and other chemicals. Creating hydrogen during periods of energy surplus and storing it underground is one long‐duration, low‐emission, energy storage option that can balance supply and demand for an entire electric grid. In the United States (U.S.), existing underground gas storage (UGS) facilities are a logical first place to consider subsurface hydrogen storage, because their geology has proven favorable for storing natural gas. We estimated that existing UGS facilities can store 327 TW‐h (9.8 million metric tons) of pure hydrogen. Transitioning from natural gas to pure hydrogen storage would reduce the total energy stored in existing UGS facilities by ∼75%. Storing hydrogen‐natural gas mixtures also reduces energy storage potential, but most (73.2%) UGS facilities can meet current energy demands with a 20% hydrogen blend. U.S. UGS facilities can store 23.9%–44.6% of the projected high and low hydrogen demand for 2050, respectively, suggesting that a partial transition of UGS infrastructure could reduce the need for new hydrogen storage facilities. These findings motivate research that explores the technical feasibility of underground hydrogen storage in natural gas storage reservoirs. Key Points The total hydrogen working‐gas energy of underground gas storage facilities in the United States is estimated to be 327 TW‐hours Most (73.2%) underground gas storage facilities can store hydrogen blends up to 20% and continue to meet their current energy demand Hydrogen storage in existing underground gas storage facilities can sufficiently buffer the hydrogen demand projected for 2050

Natural hazards, which have the potential to cause catastrophic damage and loss to infrastructure, have increased significantly in recent decades. Thus, the construction demand for disaster prevention and mitigation for infrastructure (DPMI) systems is increasing. Many studies have applied intelligence technologies to solve key aspects of infrastructure, such as design, construction, disaster prevention and mitigation, and rescue and recovery; however, systematic construction is still lacking. Digital twin (DT) is one of the most promising technologies for multi-stage management which has great potential to solve the above challenges. This paper initially puts forward a scientific concept, in which DT drives the construction of intelligent disaster prevention and mitigation for infrastructure (IDPMI) systematically. To begin with, a scientific review of DT and IDPMI is performed, where the development of DT is summarized and a DT-based life cycle of infrastructures is defined. In addition, the intelligence technologies used in disaster management are key reviewed and their relative merits are illustrated. Furthermore, the development and technical feasibility of DT-driven IDPMI are illustrated by reviewing the relevant practice of DT in infrastructure. In conclusion, a scientific framework of DT-IDPMI is programmed, which not only provides some guidance for the deep integration between DT and IDPMI but also identifies the challenges that inspire the professional community to advance these techniques to address them in future research.