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636,120 Ways to Have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
In an attempt to capture the variety of symptoms that emerge following traumatic stress, the revision of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has expanded to include additional symptom presentations. One consequence of this expansion is that it increases the amorphous nature of the classification. Using a binomial equation to elucidate possible symptom combinations, we demonstrate that the DSM-IV criteria listed for PTSD have a high level of symptom profile heterogeneity (79,794 combinations); the changes result in an eightfold expansion in the DSM-5, to 636,120 combinations. In this article, we use the example of PTSD to discuss the limitations of DSM-based diagnostic entities for classification in research by elucidating inherent flaws that are either specific artifacts from the history of the DSM or intrinsic to the underlying logic of the DSM's method of classification. We discuss new directions in research that can provide better information regarding both clinical and nonclinical behavioral heterogeneity in response to potentially traumatic and common stressful life events. These empirical alternatives to an a priori classification system hold promise for answering questions about why diversity occurs in response to Stressors.
Journal Article
The magic circle : principles of gaming & simulation
\"The purpose of this unique book is to outline the core of game science by presenting principles underlying the design and use of games and simulations\"--Page 4 of cover.
Book
A Heuristic for Developing Transdiagnostic Models of Psychopathology: Explaining Multifinality and Divergent Trajectories
Transdiagnostic models of psychopathology are increasingly prominent because they focus on fundamental processes underlying multiple disorders, help to explain comorbidity among disorders, and may lead to more effective assessment and treatment of disorders. Current transdiagnostic models, however, have difficulty simultaneously explaining the mechanisms by which a transdiagnostic risk factor leads to multiple disorders (i.e., multifinality) and why one individual with a particular transdiagnostic risk factor develops one set of symptoms while another with the same transdiagnostic risk factor develops another set of symptoms (i.e., divergent trajectories). In this article, we propose a heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models that can guide theorists in explicating how a transdiagnostic risk factor results in both multifinality and divergent trajectories. We also (a) describe different levels of transdiagnostic factors and their relative theoretical and clinical usefulness, (b) suggest the types of mechanisms by which factors at I level may be related to factors at other levels, and (c) suggest the types of moderating factors that may determine whether a transdiagnostic factor leads to certain specific disorders or symptoms and not others. We illustrate this heuristic using research on rumination, a process for which there is evidence it is a transdiagnostic risk factor.
Journal Article
Visualizing Three-dimensional Volumetric Data with an Arbitrary Coordinate System
Astronomical data does not always use Cartesian coordinates. Both all-sky observational data and simulations of rotationally symmetric systems, such as accretion and protoplanetary disks, may use spherical polar or other coordinate systems. Standard displays rely on Cartesian coordinates, but converting non-Cartesian data into Cartesian format causes distortion of the data and loss of detail. Here, I demonstrate a method using standard techniques from computer graphics that avoids these problems with three-dimensional data in arbitrary coordinate systems. The method adds minimum computational cost to the display process and is suitable for both realtime, interactive content, and producing fixed rendered images and videos. Proof-of-concept code is provided which works for data in spherical polar coordinates.
Journal Article
Validating psychological constructs : historical, philosophical, and practical dimensions
\"This book critically examines the historical and philosophical foundations of construct validity theory (CVT), and how these have and continue to inform and constrain the conceptualization of validity and its application in research. CVT has had an immense impact on how researchers in the behavioural sciences conceptualize and approach their subject matter. Yet, there is equivocation regarding the foundations of the CVT framework as well as ambiguities concerning the nature of the 'constructs' that are its raison d'etre. The book is organized in terms of three major parts that speak, respectively, to the historical, philosophical, and pragmatic dimensions of CVT. The primary objective is to provide researchers and students with a critical lens through which a deeper understanding may be gained of both the utility and limitations of CVT and the validation practices to which it has given rise.\"-- Back cover.
Book
Visualization of Multi-mission Astronomical Data with ESASky
ESASky is a science-driven discovery portal to explore the multi-wavelength sky and visualize and access multiple astronomical archive holdings. The tool is a web application that requires no prior knowledge of any of the missions involved and gives users world-wide simplified access to the highest-level science data products from multiple astronomical space-based astronomy missions plus a number of ESA source catalogs. The first public release of ESASky features interfaces for the visualization of the sky in multiple wavelengths, the visualization of query results summaries, and the visualization of observations and catalog sources for single and multiple targets. This paper describes these features within ESASky, developed to address use cases from the scientific community. The decisions regarding the visualization of large amounts of data and the technologies used were made to maximize the responsiveness of the application and to keep the tool as useful and intuitive as possible.
Journal Article
Composition, creative writing studies, and the digital humanities
\"In an era of blurred generic boundaries, multimedia storytelling, and open-source culture, creative writing scholars stand poised to consider the role that technology-and the creative writer's playful engagement with technology-has occupied in the evolution of its theory and practice. Composition, Creative Writing Studies and the Digital Humanities is the first book to bring these three fields together to open up new opportunities and directions for creative writing studies. Placing the rise of Creative Writing Studies alongside the rise of the digital humanities in Composition/Rhetoric, Adam Koehler shows that the use of new media and its attendant re-evaluation of fundamental assumptions in the field stands to guide Creative Writing Studies into a new era. Covering current developments in composition and the digital humanities, this book re-examines established assumptions about process, genre, authority/authorship and pedagogical practice in the creative writing classroom.\" -- Back cover.
Book
Effects of Thermo-mechanical Parameters on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of API X70 Steel
The relationship between the microstructure and the tensile properties of X70 pipeline steel was investigated with the purpose of optimizing the microstructures by a proper selection of preheating and finish rolling temperatures. Four reheat temperatures (900°C, 1000°C, 1100°C, and 1200°C) were selected to study the effects of prior austenite grain size on the resulting microstructures. Two finish rolling temperatures (900°C and 950°C) were chosen with two reduction rates (20% and 40%). The microstructure observations with optical microscopy and SEM show that the increase in the reheating temperature caused an increase in the ferrite grain size as well as the change in shape from polygonal to acicular. The results of mechanical testing showed that decreasing of the finishing rolling temperature causes an increase in the values of yield stress and tensile strength.
Journal Article