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Historically, owing to a dominant Western science paradigm, Indigenous methods, methodologies, epistemologies, knowledge and perspectives have been dismissed as unsuitable for health research. As such, Indigenous health research frequently remains poorly aligned with the goals and values of Indigenous Peoples. Furthermore, research involving Indigenous people has been tainted by historical atrocities. The process of reconciliation in Canada should include the indigenization of health research, which will contribute to deconstruction of colonial control. Employing the core ethical principles of \"respect for persons, concern for welfare, and justice\" used in the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, we review the history of Indigenous health research in Canada and outline critical considerations for non-Indigenous researchers. Our aim is to promote a collaborative approach to Indigenous health research in Canada that prioritizes the goals, knowledge and strengths of Indigenous partners. A 2016 study informing Inuit community-based HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention and sexual health promotion programming is one example of successful allyship in research.

Science and technology have shaped not only economic empires and industrial landscapes, but also the identities, anxieties, and understandings of people living in modern times. Made Modern: Science and Technology in Canadian History draws together leading scholars from a wide range of fields to enrich our understanding of history inside and outside Canada's borders. The book's chapters examine how science and technology have allowed Canadians to imagine and reinvent themselves as modern. Focusing on topics including exploration, scientific rationality, the occult, medical instruments, patents, communication, and infrastructure, the contributors situate Canadian scientific and technological developments within larger national and transnational contexts. The first major collection of its kind in thirty years, Made Modern explores the place of science and technology in shaping Canadians' experience of themselves and their place in the modern world.-- Source other than Library of Congress.

A low-coverage draft genome sequence from a horse bone recovered from permafrost dated to approximately 560–780 thousand years ago is presented; this represents the oldest full genome sequence to date by almost an order of magnitude. Old horse DNA makes sense of Equus lineage A low-coverage draft genome sequence has been obtained from a horse bone recovered from a permafrost site in the Yukon Territory, Canada, dated to around 560,000–780,000 years before present. This is by far the earliest genome sequence so far determined. The data were compared to draft genome sequences for a Late Pleistocene horse, those of five contemporary domestic horse breeds, a Przewalski's horse and a donkey. Comparative genomics suggest that the Equus lineage that gave rise to all contemporary horses, zebras and donkeys originated about 4.0–4.5 million years ago — much earlier than previously suspected. The data support the contention that Przewalski's horses — an endangered subspecies native to the Mongolian steppes — represent the last surviving wild horse population. The rich fossil record of equids has made them a model for evolutionary processes 1 . Here we present a 1.12-times coverage draft genome from a horse bone recovered from permafrost dated to approximately 560–780 thousand years before present (kyr bp ) 2 , 3 . Our data represent the oldest full genome sequence determined so far by almost an order of magnitude. For comparison, we sequenced the genome of a Late Pleistocene horse (43 kyr bp ), and modern genomes of five domestic horse breeds ( Equus ferus caballus ), a Przewalski’s horse ( E. f. przewalskii ) and a donkey ( E. asinus ). Our analyses suggest that the Equus lineage giving rise to all contemporary horses, zebras and donkeys originated 4.0–4.5 million years before present (Myr bp ), twice the conventionally accepted time to the most recent common ancestor of the genus Equus 4 , 5 . We also find that horse population size fluctuated multiple times over the past 2 Myr, particularly during periods of severe climatic changes. We estimate that the Przewalski’s and domestic horse populations diverged 38–72 kyr bp , and find no evidence of recent admixture between the domestic horse breeds and the Przewalski’s horse investigated. This supports the contention that Przewalski’s horses represent the last surviving wild horse population 6 . We find similar levels of genetic variation among Przewalski’s and domestic populations, indicating that the former are genetically viable and worthy of conservation efforts. We also find evidence for continuous selection on the immune system and olfaction throughout horse evolution. Finally, we identify 29 genomic regions among horse breeds that deviate from neutrality and show low levels of genetic variation compared to the Przewalski’s horse. Such regions could correspond to loci selected early during domestication.

The Arctic is ruled by ice. For Inuit, it is a highway, a hunting ground, and the platform on which life is lived. While the international community argues about sovereignty, security, and resource development at the top of the world, the Inuit remind us that they are the original inhabitants of this magnificent place - and that it is undergoing a dangerous transformation. The Arctic ice is melting at an alarming rate and Inuit have become the direct witnesses and messengers of climate change. Through an examination of Inuit history and culture, alongside the experiences of newcomers to the Arctic seeking land, wealth, adventure, and power, Our Ice Is Vanishing describes the legacies of exploration, intervention, and resilience. Combining scientific and legal information with political and individual perspectives, Shelley Wright follows the history of the Canadian presence in the Arctic and shares her own journey in recollections and photographs, presenting the far North as few people have seen it. Climate change is redrawing the boundaries of what Inuit and non-Inuit have learned to expect from our world. Our Ice Is Vanishing demonstrates that we must engage with the knowledge of the Inuit in order to understand and negotiate issues of climate change and sovereignty claims in the region.

The roots of antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance is thought to have evolved long before naturally occurring antibiotics and their derivatives were used to treat human disease, but direct evidence for genes that encode resistance has been lacking. Now, an ancient vancomycin-resistance gene has been recovered from 30,000-year-old samples of Siberian permafrost, and the three-dimensional structure of its product has been compared with that of its modern counterpart. There are minor structural differences between the ancient and modern versions, but the differences are not reflected in enzyme function. The discovery of antibiotics more than 70 years ago initiated a period of drug innovation and implementation in human and animal health and agriculture. These discoveries were tempered in all cases by the emergence of resistant microbes 1 , 2 . This history has been interpreted to mean that antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a modern phenomenon; this view is reinforced by the fact that collections of microbes that predate the antibiotic era are highly susceptible to antibiotics 3 . Here we report targeted metagenomic analyses of rigorously authenticated ancient DNA from 30,000-year-old Beringian permafrost sediments and the identification of a highly diverse collection of genes encoding resistance to β-lactam, tetracycline and glycopeptide antibiotics. Structure and function studies on the complete vancomycin resistance element VanA confirmed its similarity to modern variants. These results show conclusively that antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon that predates the modern selective pressure of clinical antibiotic use.

Much of the American Arctic was first settled 5,000 years ago, by groups of people known as Palaeo-Eskimos. They were subsequently joined and largely displaced around 1,000 years ago by ancestors of the present-day Inuit and Yup’ik 1 – 3 . The genetic relationship between Palaeo-Eskimos and Native American, Inuit, Yup’ik and Aleut populations remains uncertain 4 – 6 . Here we present genomic data for 48 ancient individuals from Chukotka, East Siberia, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and the Canadian Arctic. We co-analyse these data with data from present-day Alaskan Iñupiat and West Siberian populations and published genomes. Using methods based on rare-allele and haplotype sharing, as well as established techniques 4 , 7 – 9 , we show that Palaeo-Eskimo-related ancestry is ubiquitous among people who speak Na-Dene and Eskimo–Aleut languages. We develop a comprehensive model for the Holocene peopling events of Chukotka and North America, and show that Na-Dene-speaking peoples, people of the Aleutian Islands, and Yup’ik and Inuit across the Arctic region all share ancestry from a single Palaeo-Eskimo-related Siberian source. DNA analysis of ancient individuals and modern populations suggests that the population history of North America can be explained by the admixture of two ancestral lineages—Palaeo-Eskimos and First Peoples.

In less than a decade, the island community has faced the degradation of the wild fishery and rapid growth of aquaculture, an increasing presence of multinational corporations, new federal initiatives with respect to aboriginal policies, and widespread social dysfunction. Joan Marshall uses over twelve years of intensive ethnographic research to chart the nature and pace of social and cultural change on Grand Manan, showing how it relates to globalization and environmental degradation, as well as to a confluence of outside sources.

Mandated to foster a sense of national cohesion The National Film Board of Canada's Still Photography Division was the country's official photographer during the mid-twentieth century. Like the Farm Security Administration and other agencies in the US, the NFB used photographs to serve the nation. Division photographers shot everything from official state functions to images of the routine events of daily life, producing some of the most dynamic photographs of the time, seen by millions of Canadians - and international audiences - in newspapers, magazines, exhibitions, and filmstrips. In The Official Picture, Carol Payne argues that the Still Photography Division played a significant role in Canadian nation-building during WWII and the two decades that followed. Payne examines key images, themes, and periods in the Division's history - including the depiction of women munitions workers, landscape photography in the 1950s and 60s, and portraits of Canadians during the Centennial in 1967 - to demonstrate how abstract concepts of nationhood and citizenship, as well as attitudes toward gender, class, linguistic identity, and conceptions of race were reproduced in photographs. The Official Picture looks closely at the work of many Division photographers from staff members Chris Lund and Gar Lunney during the 1940s and 1950s to the expressive documentary photography of Michel Lambeth, Michael Semak, and Pierre Gaudard, in the 1960s and after. The Division also produced a substantial body of Northern imagery documenting Inuit and Native peoples. Payne details how Inuit groups have turned to the archive in recent years in an effort to reaffirm their own cultural identity. For decades, the Still Photography Division served as the country's image bank, producing a government-endorsed \"official picture\" of Canada. A rich archival study, The Official Picture brings the hisotry of the Division, long overshadowed by the Board's cinematic divisions, to light.

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease symptoms that can significantly restrict work ability and work participation resulting in reduced mental well-being. This study investigates the significant impact of work participation and disability on the mental wellbeing, health-related quality of life, and disease-related outcomes in individuals with SLE. Methods With the objective of creating an SLE-related functional profile rooted in work disability (WD) prevention, 46 SLE patients were purposively recruited from Canadian medical centres. Through semi-structured interviews guided by a WD prevention framework, factors associated with WD and lived experiences of SLE-related WD were qualitatively explored. Braun and Clarke’s six-stage inductive thematic analysis was used to organize the data. Results Most participants experienced some form of work disability across their employment history related to their clinical manifestations of SLE, including hospitalizations, physical limitations, fatigue, and neurocognitive symptoms (e.g. brain fog). Thematic analysis revealed three key themes: (a) the influence of illness experience on work, (b) the stigmatization of illness disclosure, and (c) the availability of workplace resources/accommodations. Participants emphasized the desirability of work with reduced physical and mental demands, increased personal control, and workplace flexibility to prevent WD. Conclusion The study underscores the need for a collaborative, multi-component, and multidisciplinary intervention targeting psychosocial and workplace factors to establish a goal-oriented preventative framework, potentially improving WD outcomes in SLE individuals.