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"Technology Turkey History."
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Science among the Ottomans
Scholars have long thought that, following the Muslim Golden Age of the medieval era, the Ottoman Empire grew culturally and technologically isolated, losing interest in innovation and placing the empire on a path toward stagnation and decline. Science among the Ottomans challenges this widely accepted Western image of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Ottomans as backward and impoverished. In the first book on this topic in English in over sixty years, Miri Shefer-Mossensohn contends that Ottoman society and culture created a fertile environment that fostered diverse scientific activity. She demonstrates that the Ottomans excelled in adapting the inventions of others to their own needs and improving them. For example, in 1877, the Ottoman Empire boasted the seventh-longest electric telegraph system in the world; indeed, the Ottomans were among the era’s most advanced nations with regard to modern communication infrastructure. To substantiate her claims about science in the empire, Shefer-Mossensohn studies patterns of learning; state involvement in technological activities; and Turkish- and Arabic-speaking Ottomans who produced, consumed, and altered scientific practices. The results reveal Ottoman participation in science to have been a dynamic force that helped sustain the six-hundred-year empire.
eBook
Prof. Dr. Cevat ALKAN through the eyes of his students
The aim of this study is to describe Prof. Dr. Cevat Alkan and his contributions to the development of the field of educational technology in Turkey, via his students' views. Prof. Dr. Alkan is the founder of the field of educational technology in Turkey. In 1975, he became an associate professor with the thesis entitled \"Egitim Teknolojisi (Educational Technology)\", and in 1983 with the thesis entitled \"Açik Üniversite (Open University)\" owned the title of professor. Besides, until 1996 he performed as a head of educational technology department at Faculty of Educational Sciences in Ankara University. And during this period, he provided fundamental contributions for training dozens of students of undergraduate and graduate level in the field of educational technology both in Ankara University and other universities in Turkey. In this study, history method was used. In this process, an interview was carried out with Prof. Dr. Alkan's family about his daily and academic life. And an online qualitative questionnaire developed by the researchers was administered to Prof. Dr. Alkan's students determined by the purposive sampling method about his academic characteristics. Based on the data, firstly we described Prof. Alkan's short life story and academic activities. Afterwards, his academic characteristics which have an important place in today's educational technology field culture in Turkey were identified. As a conclusion, Prof. Dr. Alkan's professional qualifications are grouped under three themes: scientific, instructor and personality characteristics. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
The Istanbul Museum for the History of Science and Technology in Islam : an overview
\"This museum is established on the basis of the firm belief that the history of science and technology represents a common heritage of mankind.\"--Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Bread from the lion’s mouth
The newly awakened interest in the lives of craftspeople in Turkey is highlighted in this collection, which uses archival documents to follow Ottoman artisans from the late 15th century to the beginning of the 20th. The authors examine historical changes in the lives of artisans, focusing on the craft organizations (or guilds) that underwent substantial changes over the centuries. The guilds transformed and eventually dissolved as they were increasingly co-opted by modernization and state-building projects, and by the movement of manufacturing to the countryside. In consequence by the 20th century, many artisans had to confront the forces of capitalism and world trade without significant protection, just as the Ottoman Empire was itself in the process of dissolution.
eBook
Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family
There are two competing hypotheses for the origin of the Indo-European language family. The conventional view places the homeland in the Pontic steppes about 6000 years ago. An alternative hypothesis claims that the languages spread from Anatolia with the expansion of farming 8000 to 9500 years ago. We used Bayesian phylogeographic approaches, together with basic vocabulary data from 103 ancient and contemporary Indo-European languages, to explicitly model the expansion of the family and test these hypotheses. We found decisive support for an Anatolian origin over a steppe origin. Both the inferred timing and root location of the Indo-European language trees fit with an agricultural expansion from Anatolia beginning 8000 to 9500 years ago. These results highlight the critical role that phylogeographic inference can play in resolving debates about human prehistory.
Journal Article
Possessors and Possessed
Possessors and Possessedanalyzes how and why museums-characteristically Western institutions-emerged in the late-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire. Shaw argues that, rather than directly emulating post-Enlightenment museums of Western Europe, Ottoman elites produced categories of collection and modes of display appropriate to framing a new identity for the empire in the modern era. In contrast to late-nineteenth-century Euro-American museums, which utilized organizational schema based on positivist notions of progress to organize exhibits of fine arts, Ottoman museums featured military spoils and antiquities long before they turned to the \"Islamic\" collections with which they might have been more readily associated. The development of these various modes of collection reflected shifting moments in Ottoman identity production. Shaw shows how Ottoman museums were able to use collection and exhibition as devices with which to weave counter-colonial narratives of identity for the Ottoman Empire. Impressive for both the scope and the depth of its research,Possessors and Possessedlays the groundwork for future inquiries into the development of museums outside of the Euro-American milieu.
eBook
Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East
We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000 and 1,400
bc
, from Natufian hunter–gatherers to Bronze Age farmers. We show that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a ‘Basal Eurasian’ lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages before their separation from each other. The first farmers of the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) and Zagros Mountains (Iran) were strongly genetically differentiated, and each descended from local hunter–gatherers. By the time of the Bronze Age, these two populations and Anatolian-related farmers had mixed with each other and with the hunter–gatherers of Europe to greatly reduce genetic differentiation. The impact of the Near Eastern farmers extended beyond the Near East: farmers related to those of Anatolia spread westward into Europe; farmers related to those of the Levant spread southward into East Africa; farmers related to those of Iran spread northward into the Eurasian steppe; and people related to both the early farmers of Iran and to the pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe spread eastward into South Asia.
Analysis of DNA from ancient individuals of the Near East documents the extreme substructure among the populations which transitioned to farming, a structure that was maintained throughout the transition from hunter–gatherer to farmer but that broke down over the next five thousand years.
Who were the early farmers?
David Reich and colleagues report the genomic analysis of samples from 44 individuals who lived from around 12,000 to 1,400
BC
in Near East regions, including modern Armenia, Turkey, Israel and Jordan. The analyses provide insights into demographics of the human populations that transitioned to farming.
Journal Article
Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation
In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey “X” disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin—aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent data on their toxicity and different ways of mitigation.
Journal Article