Explore the vast range of titles available.

How do social interactions shape collective action, and how are they mediated by networked information technologies? We answer these questions studying the Temperance Crusade, a wave of anti-liquor protest activity spreading across 29 states between 1873 and 1874. Relying on exogenous variation in network links generated by railroad accidents, we provide causal evidence of social interactions driving the diffusion of the movement, mediated by rail and telegraph information about neighboring activity. Local newspaper coverage of the crusade was a key channel mediating these effects. Using an event-study methodology, we find strong complementarities between rail and telegraph networks in driving the movement’s spread.

Mobile phone coverage has expanded considerably throughout the developing world, particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. Existing evidence suggests that increased access to information technology has improved agricultural market efficiency for consumer markets and certain commodities, but there is less evidence of its impact on producer markets. Building on the work of Aker (2010), we estimate the impact of mobile phone coverage on producer price dispersion for three commodities in Niger. Our results suggest that mobile phone coverage reduces spatial producer price dispersion by 6 percent for cowpea, a semi-perishable commodity. These effects are strongest for remote markets and during certain periods of the year. The introduction of mobile phone coverage has no effect on producer price dispersion for millet and sorghum, two staple grains that are less perishable and are commonly stored by farmers. There are no impacts of mobile phone coverage on producer price levels, but mobile phone coverage is associated with a reduction in the intra-annual price variation for cowpea.

Due to the rapid increase in the speed as well as the number of users over the Internet, the rate of data generation is enormously grown. In addition, at the same rate, the multimedia transmission especially the usage of VoIP calls is rapidly growing due to its cost effectiveness, dramatic functionality over the traditional telephone network and its compatibility with public switched telephone network (PSTN). In most of the developing countries, internet service providers (ISPs) and telecommunication authorities are concerned in detecting such calls to either block or prioritize commercial VoIP. Signature-based, port-based, and pattern-based detection techniques are inaccurate due to the complex and confidential security and tunneling mechanisms used by VoIP. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a generic, robust, efficient statistical analysis-based solution to identify encrypted and tunneled voice media flows. We extracted six statistical parameters, which are extracted for each flow and compared with threshold values while generating a number of rules to identify VoIP media calls. The paper also offers a complete architecture that can efficiently process high-speed traffic in order to detect VoIP flows at real-time. The proposed system, including the architecture and the algorithm, can be practically implemented in a real environment, such as ISP or telecommunication authority’s gateway. We implemented the system using the parallel environment of Hadoop ecosystem with Spark on the top of it to achieve the real-time processing. We evaluated the system by considering 1) the accuracy in terms of detection rate by computing the direct rate and false positive rate and 2) the efficiency in terms of processing power. The result shows that the system has 97.54% direct rate and .00015% false positive rate, which are quite high. The comparative study proved that the proposed system is more accurate than the existing techniques.

This work presents the development of a multi-level speech based person authentication system with attendance as an application. The multi-level system consists of three different modules of speaker verification, namely voice-password, text-dependent and text-independent speaker verification. The three speaker verification modules are combined in a sequential manner to develop a multi-level framework which is ported over a telephone network through interactive voice response (IVR) system for aiding remote authentication. The users call from a fixed set of mobile handsets to verify their claim against their respective models, which is then authenticated in a multi-level mode using the above stated three modules. An analysis over a period of two months is shown on the performance of the multi-level system in attendance marking. The multi-level framework having combination of the three modules helps in achieving better performance than that of the individual modules, which shows its potential for practical deployment.

The use of PABX between buildings existed in State Polytechnic of Malang consists of 3 types, which are produced by the same manufacturer. However, the three types of PABX have different characteristics and specifications from one another. Therefore, its merging is done by numbering method which must use prefix to be able to contact users in other PABX. Every PABX is always provided with an interface that aims to combine with different systems, so that adjustments can be made. To overcome this problem, by software-based central installation, namely IPPBX, so that if the change (migration process) occurs, a device called the internet telephone gateway can be installed. This device with one IP address can connect more than one analogue telephone number. So far the product has 32 ports. This research uses ITG with 16 ports due to the connection characteristics of the same connector as the conventional PABX. This condition will be easily implemented and does not change the existing network system in State Polytechnic of Malang. The results of the design based on the number of connected services required a number of 32 devices ITG 16 ports plus 4 ports connection to the public services telephone network (PSTN).

The sounds that have been recorded by the system telephone networks Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) will be done the noise reduction using the filter process FastICA and Biorthogonal Wavelet. Voice recording process done with a vowel/a/ in one breath for 10 seconds. The result of the process reduction noise sound will be analyzed using the method of Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI) and Harmonic Noise to Ratio (HNR). The DSI method and HNR is used to determine data quality sound healthy and disorder by looking at the value of the both parameter.

The ideas of q-rung ortho pair fuzzy set (q-ROPFS) and interval-valued q-rung ortho pair fuzzy set (IVq-ROPFS) are two major recent developments in the field of fuzzy set theory. A q-ROPFS and IVq-ROPFS improved the limited structures of Pythagorean fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set as well as fuzzy set by improving the conditions that makes these concepts restricted. The goal of this research is to introduce a new notion of interval-valued q-rung ortho pair fuzzy graph (IVQ-ROPFG) and to study the related graphical terms such as subgraph, complement, degree of vertices and path etc. Each of the graphical concept is demonstrated with an example. Another valuable contribution of this manuscript is the modeling of some traffic networks, telephone networks and social networks using the concepts of IVQ-ROPFGs. First, the famous problem of finding a shortest path in a traffic network is studied using two different approaches. A study of social network describing the strength of co-authorship between different researchers from several countries is also established using the concept of IVq-ROPFGs. Finally, a telephone networking problem is demonstrated showing the calling ratios of incoming and outgoing calls among a group of people. Two engineering decision-making problems are also studied using some aggregation operators and the concepts of IVq-ROPFGs. Through comparative study, the advantages of working in the environment of IVq-ROPFG are specified.

Multistage interconnection networks are used as a medium for interconnecting processors and memories in multiprocessor systems. Multistage interconnection networks are an effective substitute for crossbar switches, used in telephone network systems and parallel computers, due to their low cost, better performance and easy maintainability. In this paper, we propose new fault-tolerant hybrid multistage interconnection networks obtained from shuffle exchange gamma interconnection network (SEGIN) and logical neighborhood network named as shuffle exchange gamma logical neighborhood interconnection network (SEGLNIN). We evaluated the performance of SEGLNIN in terms of disjoint paths, reliability and hardware cost and compared it with some well-known MINs like shuffle exchange network (SEN), shuffle exchange network with one extra stage (SEN +) and shuffle exchange network with two extra stages (SEN + 2), SEGIN-1, and SEGIN-2. The results illustrate that the performance of the proposed SEGLNIN is better than that of the compared networks in terms of reliability and disjoint paths.

With the advancement in technology, communication between people around the world from different linguistic backgrounds is increasing gradually, resulting in the requirement of language identification services. Language identification techniques extract distinguishable information as features of a language from the speech corpora to differentiate one language from other. Without publicly available speech corpora, comparison between different techniques will not be much reliable. This paper investigates state-of-the-art features and techniques for language identification of under-resource and closely related languages, namely Pashto, Punjabi, Sindhi, and Urdu. For language identification, speech corpus is designed and collected for mentioned languages. The dataset is a read speech data collected over telephone network (mobile and landline) from different regions of Pakistan. The speech corpus is annotated at the sentence level using X-SAMPA, its orthographic transcription is also provided, and verified data are divided into training and evaluation sets. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and their shifted delta cepstral features are used to develop language identification system of target languages. Gaussian mixture model with universal background model (GMM-UBM)-based and I-vector-based language identification approaches are investigated. The results show that GMM-UBM is more effective than the I-vector for language identification of short duration test utterances.

Mobile telephony networks have seen a high rate of adoption worldwide in recent years. However, these networks do not exist everywhere, and even where they are, their adoption is lagging. Especially in uncovered rural areas, it is difficult to predict the technology's acceptance and adoption factors. This study deals with the usage gap of mobile telephone networks and attempts in a methodological approach based on structural equation modeling to prevent the telephone usage gap in rural Africa yet to be covered. To that purpose, the authors use a research model based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). By combining these two models and incorporating the moderating effects of demographic variables such as age, gender, education, and experience of technology use, this paper has retained a model with the ability to determine how rural residents will accept and use future networks.