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Background Limited information exists on whether virtual training is equivalent to traditional in-person training in supporting the development of clinical providers. Methods A multi-site evaluation using survey methods was conducted with a multidisciplinary group of health professions trainees and supervisors within the Veterans Health Administration to assess the equivalence of two supervision modalities – exclusively in-person supervision and supervision incorporating at least some virtual supervision – on trainee clinical competency development, trainee preparedness to respond to patient emergencies, and effective trainee/supervisor working relationships. Results Trainees who experienced some virtual supervision rated their clinical competency levels as higher than trainees with only in-person supervision on competencies related to patient care, knowledge for practice, interpersonal and communication skills, practice-based learning and improvement, and systems-based practice. This trainee group also rated their level of preparation to respond to patient emergencies and several aspects of their supervisory working relationship more highly than in-person only trainees. Compared to those providing only in-person supervision, supervisors conducting some virtual supervision also rated their trainees as having higher levels of clinical competency on patient care, practice-based learning and improvement, and systems-based practice, as well as higher preparedness to respond to patient emergencies. Challenges and benefits to virtual supervision were also noted, though most trainees and supervisors who had participated in virtual supervision held a positive view of this modality. Conclusions These data constitute the first evaluation of the equivalency of some virtual and in-person only supervision in supporting trainee skill development and supervisory working relationships based on feedback from trainees and supervisors across multiple clinical disciplines. Trial registration Not applicable.

This pilot study aims to analyze the effects of the presence and absence of initial in-person contact and written feedback in RE&CBT e-supervision, comparing it on the Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory, the Supervisor Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Trainee Disclosure Scale. During a period of six months, five supervisees performed ten e-supervision divided into two groups, a control group that did only the initial meetings in-person and an experimental group in which two supervisees completed whole process online. Additionally, in the first five e-supervision, the supervisor reviewed an entire session with written feedback with an additional meeting for each group. In the last five e-supervision, the supervisor only partially reviewed client sessions during supervision. After ten e-supervision, an individual post-interview was conducted with each participant. This study’s primary statistical method for calculating and combining effect sizes was Tarlow Baseline Corrected Tau and Open Meta Analyst software. Both groups scored above average on the first two scales, but the disclosure scale had highly irregular and inconsistent patterns. The combined qualitative and quantitative results suggest that novice therapists generally prefer to have their entire sessions reviewed with written feedback and that a single in-person contact is unlikely to influence e-supervision satisfaction and working alliance. Given that there are no adequately validated e-supervision models, this pilot study used a pilot model named Supported Model of Electronic Supervision (SMeS). This model showed potential, but it needs further testing on a larger sample with more clearly operationalized steps. This study experimentally supports the effectiveness of RE&CBT supervision for the first time.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and a widespread shift to telehealth, there is an increased need to understand how we can best provide Telesupervision (TS). To help address the limited research on TS in the Marriage and family therapy (MFT) field, the present study seeks to describe the experiences of faculty telesupervisors who have provided TS as part of an online COAMFTE Accredited MFT master’s program since 2012 (telesupervision was provided before accreditation since 2005). Eighteen participants completed individual interviews or focus groups, which were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological procedures. Our results describe the essential structure of faculty supervisors’ experiences providing TS. Core themes include: general experiences with TS as a modality, online university-specific experiences with TS as a modality, a systemic lens is intentionally applied, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) are intentionally addressed, and clinical competencies and ethics are intentionally addressed. A discussion of the essential experiences of faculty TS along with implications for clinical training and future research are reviewed.

Ultrasound education is transitioning from in-person training to remote methods using mixed reality (MR) and 5G networks. Previous studies are mainly experimental, lacking randomized controlled trials in direct training scenarios. This study aimed to compare an MR-based telesupervised ultrasound education platform on private 5G networks with traditional in-person training for novice doctors. Conducted at a tertiary academic hospital from November to December 2023, the prospective unblinded randomized controlled pilot study assigned doctors without prior abdominal ultrasound education experience to either the telesupervision group (TG; n=20) or direct supervision group (DG; n=20). Participants received a 15-minute video lecture, conducted ultrasound on a phantom, and had 18 images scored by 2 blinded experts. Additionally, the TG received 5 minutes of training on the basic operation of a head-mounted display. Communication between doctors in the TG and supervisors was facilitated through a head-mounted display, whereas those in the DG interacted directly with supervisors. Primary outcomes were image quality scores, while secondary outcomes included procedure time, number of supervisor interventions, user experience using National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), System Usability Scale (SUS), and self-confidence through pre- and postsurveys. Image quality scores and procedure times showed no significant differences between the groups (TG: 66.8 [SD 10.3] vs DG: 66.8 [SD 10.4], P=.84; TG: 23.8 [SD 8.0] min vs DG: 24.0 [SD 8.1] min, P=.95, respectively). However, the TG engaged in more educational interventions (TG: 4.0 [SD 2.5] vs DG: 0.8 [SD 1.1], P<.001), reflecting a more interactive training environment. TG participants reported lower NASA-TLX scores for mental demand (43.8 [SD 24.8] vs 60.6 [SD 22.4], P=.03), effort (43.1 [SD 22.9] vs 67.9 [SD 17], P<.001), and frustration (26.9 [SD 20.3] vs 45.2 [SD 27.8], P=.02), indicating a reduced cognitive load compared to the DG. The mean SUS score was also higher in the TG (66.6 [SD 9.1] vs 60.2 [SD 10.4], P=.046), suggesting better usability. Both groups showed significant improvements in confidence, with the TG showing notably greater improvement in abdominal ultrasound proficiency (pre-education TG: 1.6 [SD 0.9] vs DG: 1.7 [SD 0.9], P=.73; post-education TG: 3.8 [SD 0.9] vs DG: 2.8 [SD 1.0], P=.006). Although no significant differences in image quality scores were observed between groups, considerable differences in positive educational interactions, workload, and usability were evident. These findings emphasize the platform's potential to enhance the ultrasound training experience, suggesting more interactive and efficient learning.

Background: Vietnam’s first speech and language therapy (SLT) degrees commenced in 2019 utilising international educators. Continuity of the degrees was impacted by travel restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Objectives: This article presents a descriptive case report exploring the viability of online learning to continue clinical education (CE) of SLT students in Vietnam during the pandemic.Method: Students were scheduled for face to face placements throughout 2021. International SLT educators were to travel to Vietnam and work with interpreters and locally trained certificate level therapists to provide placement supervision. When travel became impossible, tele-supervision by international therapists working remotely and in partnership with local therapists and interpreters was arranged. The second wave of Covid-19 excluded students from healthcare settings early in their placements. To conclude these placements, tele-supervisors led online case-based discussions with students. For subsequent placements, Vietnamese and international therapists facilitated two to three weeks of online case-based group discussions for students, using cases with videos or avatars.Results: Learning outcomes for students, as evidenced in written and oral assessments demonstrated attainment of many of the learning objectives of the placements. Satisfaction for all participants (students, tele-supervisors, online group facilitators) was high. Students will undertake face to face placements in the future; however they will commence these placements with heightened clinical reasoning and planning skills.Conclusion: Online CE is possible in LMIC and, as part of a program which includes face to face placements, can support essential CE outcomes and enhance preparation for subsequent direct experiences with patients.