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This book presents an integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. It is effectively two books in one: a textbook on cryostat design techniques and an appendix data handbook that provides materials-property data for carrying out that design. The main text encompasses a wide range of information. After summarizing cooling methods, Part I provides core information in an accessible style on techniques for cryostat design and fabrication — including heat-transfer design, selection of materials, construction, wiring, and thermometry, accompanied by many graphs, data, and clear examples. Part II gives a practical user's perspective of sample mounting techniques and contact technology. Part III applies the information from Parts I and II to the measurement and analysis of superconductor critical currents, including in-depth measurement techniques and the latest developments in data analysis and scaling theory. The appendix is a ready reference handbook for cryostat design, encompassing seventy tables compiled from the contributions of experts and over fifty years of literature.

The rapidly changing and wide dynamic range of combustion temperature in scramjet engines presents a major challenge to existing test techniques. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) based temperature measurement has the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response, and compact structure. In this invited paper, a temperature measurement method based on the TDLAS technique with a single diode laser was demonstrated. A continuous-wave (CW), distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser with an emission wavelength near 1.4 ?m was used for temperature measurement, which could cover two water vapor (H2O) absorption lines located at 7153.749 cm?1 and 7154.354 cm?1 simultaneously. The output wavelength of the diode laser was calibrated according to the two absorption peaks in the time domain. Using this strategy, the TDLAS system has the advantageous of immunization to laser wavelength shift, simple system structure, reduced cost, and increased system robustness. The line intensity of the two target absorption lines under room temperature was about one-thousandth of that under high temperature, which avoided the measuring error caused by H2O in the environment. The system was tested on a McKenna flat flame burner and a scramjet model engine, respectively. It was found that, compared to the results measured by CARS technique and theoretical calculation, this TDLAS system had less than 4% temperature error when the McKenna flat flame burner was used. When a scramjet model engine was adopted, the measured results showed that such TDLAS system had an excellent dynamic range and fast response. The TDLAS system reported here could be used in real engine in the future.

Globally, coral bleaching has been responsible for a significant decline in both coral cover and diversity over the past two decades. During the summer of 2010-11, anomalous large-scale ocean warming induced unprecedented levels of coral bleaching accompanied by substantial storminess across more than 12° of latitude and 1200 kilometers of coastline in Western Australia (WA). Extreme La-Niña conditions caused extensive warming of waters and drove considerable storminess and cyclonic activity across WA from October 2010 to May 2011. Satellite-derived sea surface temperature measurements recorded anomalies of up to 5°C above long-term averages. Benthic surveys quantified the extent of bleaching at 10 locations across four regions from tropical to temperate waters. Bleaching was recorded in all locations across regions and ranged between 17% (±5.5) in the temperate Perth region, to 95% (±3.5) in the Exmouth Gulf of the tropical Ningaloo region. Coincident with high levels of bleaching, three cyclones passed in close proximity to study locations around the time of peak temperatures. Follow-up surveys revealed spatial heterogeneity in coral cover change with four of ten locations recording significant loss of coral cover. Relative decreases ranged between 22%-83.9% of total coral cover, with the greatest losses in the Exmouth Gulf. The anomalous thermal stress of 2010-11 induced mass bleaching of corals along central and southern WA coral reefs. Significant coral bleaching was observed at multiple locations across the tropical-temperate divide spanning more than 1200 km of coastline. Resultant spatially patchy loss of coral cover under widespread and high levels of bleaching and cyclonic activity, suggests a degree of resilience for WA coral communities. However, the spatial extent of bleaching casts some doubt over hypotheses suggesting that future impacts to coral reefs under forecast warming regimes may in part be mitigated by southern thermal refugia.

A pyroelectric temperature sensor for measuring human body temperature with increased accuracy and speed for application in mobile robotic systems has been developed. This pyroelectric temperature sensor for measuring human body temperature is intended for use in various educational institutions. Its usage will allow for identifying sick or potentially ill people and providing them with preliminary advice and avoid infecting other people. This is particularly important considering the seasonality of dangerous infectious diseases and the emergence of new ones (e.g., COVID-19). It is also advisable to use this pyroelectric sensor in hospitals, where temperature measurement is very crucial for monitoring the course of various diseases. The proposed pyroelectric temperature sensor is based on a nonlinear oscillatory system, which provides high sensitivity and allows for solving the problem of increasing the accuracy of measuring the human body temperature in a non-contact way. Measurement error is ±0.1% in the operating range (32–43) °C, measurement time—1 s, and the frequency instability is 3·10−4.

In this paper, we propose a temperature measurement method that uses ultrafine fluorescent wires to reduce the wire diameter to a much lesser extent than a thermocouple. This is possible because its structure is simple and any material can be used for the wire. Hence, ultrafine wires with a Reynolds number of less than 1.0 can be selected. Ultra-fine wires less than 50 µm in diameter were set in the test volume. The wire surfaces were coated with fluorescent paint. The test volume was illuminated using an ultraviolet light-emitting diode. The paint emits very tiny, orange-colored fluorescent light with an intensity that changes with the temperature of the atmosphere. The experimental results showed that the heating/cooling layers were well visualized and the temperature field was well analyzed.

Karst structures significantly impact the environment and engineering projects. The presence of water-bearing karst structures alters the shallow stratigraphic temperature field. The shallow temperature measurement method offers a simple and efficient approach to obtain shallow ground temperature data, enabling the inference of karst structure distribution through temperature anomalies. In this study, the feasibility of using shallow thermometry to detect karst pipeline structures was investigated via numerical simulation at the Hongsheng Coal Coking Plant and its surrounding sites in Panzhou City, Guizhou Province, China. The results indicate that variations in the burial depth of karst structures markedly influence shallow stratum temperatures. For a single karst conduit with an equivalent diameter of 0.5 m and water temperature of 12 °C, the detectable depth limit is approximately 66 m. Although an increase in the effective flow cross-sectional area affects shallow stratigraphic temperatures, changes in equivalent diameter under the site-specific conditions alter the temperature at 2 m depth by less than 0.02 °C, making it difficult to identify the effective flow cross-sectional area using shallow thermometry. Variations in fluid temperature within a certain range (12-18 °C) also affect shallow ground temperatures, with the influence of lower-temperature fluids being more pronounced. This study provides a rapid, cost-effective, and relatively accurate method for investigating subsurface karst structures, offering important implications for related engineering applications.

This study investigates the influence of temperature measurement accuracy on tool failure mechanisms in industrial hot forging processes. Challenges related to extreme operational conditions, including high temperatures, limited access to measurement surfaces, and optical interferences, significantly hinder reliable data acquisition. Thermal imaging, pyrometry, thermocouples, and finite element modeling were employed to characterize temperature distributions in forging tools and billets. Analysis of multi-stage forging of stainless steel valve forgings revealed significant discrepancies between induction heater settings and actual billet surface temperatures, measured by thermal imaging. This thermal non-uniformity led to localized underheating and insufficient dissolution of hard inclusions, confirmed by dilatometric tests, resulting in billet jamming and premature tool failure. In slender bolt-type forgings, excessive or improperly controlled billet temperatures increased adhesion between the forging and tool surface, causing process resistance, billet sticking, and accelerated tool degradation. Additional challenges were noted in tool preheating, where non-uniform heating and inaccurate temperature assessment compromised early tool performance. Measurement errors associated with thermal imaging, particularly due to thermal reflections in robotic gripper monitoring, led to overestimated temperatures and overheating of gripping elements, impairing forging manipulation accuracy. The results emphasize that effective temperature measurement management, including cross-validation of methods, is crucial for assessing tool condition, enhancing process reliability, and preventing premature failures in hot forging operations.

The accurate measurement of cooking vessel temperatures in induction hobs is crucial for ensuring optimal cooking performance and safety. To achieve this, improvements in existing measurement methods such as thermocouples, thermistors, and infrared (IR) temperature sensors are being explored. However, traditional IR sensors are sensitive to interference from the heated glass ceramic, severely affecting accuracy. This challenge is addressed by introducing a new sensor system with an optical filter designed to match the glass ceramic’s optical characteristics. The theoretical model presented here proposes the separation of the total radiation reaching the IR sensor into components emitted by the cooking vessel and the glass ceramic. However, the radiation component originating from the glass ceramic mentioned here is significantly higher than the radiation component of the cooking vessel, which creates difficulties in measuring the temperature of the cooking vessel. Simulations and real cooking experiments validate the model and demonstrate that the optic filter significantly increases the contribution of pot radiation to the sensor measurement. This causes a more accurate reflection of the actual cooking vessel temperature, leading to improved temperature control and enhanced cooking experiences in domestic induction hob appliances. This research contributes to the field by innovatively addressing challenges in real-time temperature control for induction cooking appliances. The elimination of pot dependence and improved accuracy have significant implications for cooking efficiency, safety and food quality.

Healthy adult horses can balance accumulation and dissipation of body heat to maintain their body temperature between 37.5 and 38.5 °C, when they are in their thermoneutral zone (5 to 25 °C). However, under some circumstances, such as following strenuous exercise under hot, or hot and humid conditions, the accumulation of body heat exceeds dissipation and horses can suffer from heat stress. Prolonged or severe heat stress can lead to anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage in the horse. To ameliorate the negative effects of high heat load in the body, early detection of heat stress and immediate human intervention is required to reduce the horse’s elevated body temperature in a timely manner. Body temperature measurement and deviations from the normal range are used to detect heat stress. Rectal temperature is the most commonly used method to monitor body temperature in horses, but other body temperature monitoring technologies, percutaneous thermal sensing microchips or infrared thermometry, are currently being studied for routine monitoring of the body temperature of horses as a more practical alternative. When heat stress is detected, horses can be cooled down by cool water application, air movement over the horse (e.g., fans), or a combination of these. The early detection of heat stress and the use of the most effective cooling methods is important to improve the welfare of heat stressed horses.

The article presents an intelligent temperature transducer (ITT), which can work with a two-wire or a three-wire platinum resistance temperature detector (RTD). The ITT design allowed for compensation of the RTD’s lead wire resistance. The ITT used the author’s auto-calibration procedure, which minimized linearity errors of the ITT and RTD processing characteristics, ITT offset and gain errors, and errors resulting from changes in the ITT operating conditions concerning the nominal conditions. The presented results of a simulation and experimental studies confirmed the high effectiveness of this procedure. The determined uncertainty of temperature measurement using the Monte Carlo method and the obtained experimental results confirmed the possibility of measuring temperatures in the range of 0–200 °C with an expanded uncertainty of 0.02 °C at a 99% confidence level.