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The influence of primary cooling and rebound temperature at C–Mn slab corner surfaces during continuous casting on ferrite film transformation and AlN precipitation was investigated. Laboratory simulations included primary cooling to minimum temperature, Tmin, rebounding to various maximum temperatures, Tmax, followed by secondary cooling. The negative effect of a low Tmin on hot ductility could not be readily reversed, even at relatively high temperatures. Quantitative metallography was employed to study the evolution of the microstructure during rebounding and secondary cooling. Following primary cooling to temperatures just above the Ar3, thin films of allotriomorphic ferrite formed on the austenite grain boundaries. These films did not completely transform to austenite during the rebound at 3 °C/s up to temperatures as high as 1130 °C and persisted during slow secondary cooling up to the simulated straightening operation. Whilst dilatometry did not indicate the presence of ferrite after high rebound temperatures, metallography provided clear evidence of its existence, albeit in very small quantities. Coincident with the ferrite at these high temperatures was the predicted (TC-PRISMA) grain boundary precipitation of AlN in bcc iron during the rebound from a Tmin of 730 °C. Importantly no thin ferrite films were observed, and AlN precipitation was not predicted to occur when Tmin was restricted to 830 °C. Cooling below this temperature promotes austenite grain boundary ferrite films and AlN precipitation, which both increase the risk of corner cracking in C–Mn steels.

The formation and propagation of the popular off-corner subsurface cracks in bloom continuous casting were investigated through thermo-mechanical analysis using three coupled thermo-mechanical models. A two-dimensional thermo-elasto-visco-plastic finite element model was developed to predict the mould gap evolution, temperature profiles and deformation behavior of the solidified shell in the mould region. Then, a three-dimensional model was adopted to calculate the shell growth, temperature history and the development of stresses and strains of the shell in the following secondary cooling zones. Finally, another three-dimensional model was used to analyze the stress distributions in the straightening region. The results showed that the off-corner cracks in the shell originated from the mould owing to the tensile strain developed in the crack sensitive regions of the solidification front, and they could be driven deeper by the possible severe surface temperature rebound and the extensive tensile stress in the secondary cooling zone, especially upon the straightening operation of the bloom casting. It is revealed that more homogenous shell temperature and thickness can be obtained through optimization of mould corner radius, casting speed and secondary cooling scheme, which help to decrease stress and strain concentration and therefore prevent the initiation of the cracks.

For a temperature rebound in the irrigated high arch dam during the construction period, using finite element method to research the influence of environment temperature to temperature rebound of the irrigated high concrete arch dam. Assuming that the initial temperature of the dam concrete is the joint grouting temperature. This paper presents a simulation of the temperature rebound of the high arch dam which is caused by the monthly average environment temperature, and performs sensitivity analysis to research the influence of thermal conductivity and surface heat preservation on the temperature rebound. According to the analysis,when the high arch dam sealing temperature is lower than the dam site annual average temperature, the dam site temperature inevitably would flow backward,slowly,to the irrigation area.The larger the thermal conductivity is,the quicker the temperature rebound speed will be. And benzene board insulation can reduce concrete temperature rebound rate, if the heat preservation benzene board is thicker,the temperature rebound rate is smaller.

Every year, a combination of summer with extreme weather events such as “heatwaves” affects the life of organisms on earth. Previous studies on humans, rodents, and some birds signify the impact of heat stress on their survival and existence. Over the past four decades, the frequency of heatwaves has increased because of global warming. Therefore, we performed a longitudinal study on a resident bird species, the spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata ) by simulating a heatwave-like condition. We were interested in understanding how a Passeriformes native to a sub-tropical country deals with heatwave-like conditions. Initially, the birds were subjected to room temperature (25 ± 2 °C; T1) for 10 days, followed by a simulated heatwave-like condition (42 ± 1 °C; T2) for 7 days and again back to room temperature (25 ± 2 °C; RT1) for the next 7 days. To elucidate how birds cope with simulated heatwave conditions, we examined different behavioral and physiological parameters. We found that although heat stress significantly reduced total activity counts and food intake but, the body mass, blood glucose, and hemoglobin levels remained unaffected by any of the temperature conditions. Furthermore, HSP70 and biochemical markers of liver injuries such as ALP, AST, ALT, bilirubin direct, and bilirubin total were found elevated in response to the simulated heatwave-like condition, whereas uric acid and triglyceride were reduced. Creatinine and total protein levels were unaffected by the heatwave. The post heatwave treatment resulted in a rebound of the behavioral and physiological responses, but the recovered responses were not equivalent to the pre-heatwave levels (T1 conditions). Thus, the present study demonstrates heatwave-associated behavioral and physiological changes in a resident passerine finch which has tremendous physiological flexibility.

Subcooled superhydrophobic surfaces have notable applications in aerospace, energy, and refrigeration industries. Superhydrophobic behavior can be achieved with different microscale surface morphologies which can impact the water repellency and icephobicity of the surface. To comprehensively study how surface microstructure influences the spreading, rebounding, and freezing behavior of impacting droplets at various surface temperatures and droplet velocities, several types of surfaces were prepared within this study. Specifically, the effect of structure depth (approx. 3–30 μm) and of the structure type (randomized structure or directional microchannels) was investigated by preparing deep and shallow laser-made structures with either stochastic or deterministic features. Droplet impact tests were performed at Weber numbers between 50 and 185 and across surface temperatures from 25 °C to -30 °C. Surface morphology had a minimal effect on the maximum spreading factor, which was otherwise found to decrease by up to 9.5% when reducing the surface temperature from 25 °C to -30 °C. High-speed imaging revealed that the poorest rebound performance across all surfaces occurred at We ≅ 120, where the transition from the regular rebound to the splashing regime led to a higher prevalence of partial rebounds or full adhesion compared to We ≅ 50 or We ≅ 185. An average contact time of 11.1 ms was recorded across all four superhydrophobic surfaces and was largely independent of the surface microstructure. Under subcooled conditions with possible phase change, surface micro-/nanostructure affects droplet impact dynamics beyond static wetting consideration. Our findings show that microstructure depth and solid-liquid contact fraction significantly influence droplet rebound and/or adhesion on subcooled surfaces. Contact times increased significantly as the surface temperature was decreased and partial adhesion of the droplet was detected if the contact time exceeded ~ 20 ms. Higher relative humidity led to frost formation and hence to greater energy dissipation and droplet pinning during the receding phase, preventing a full rebound, which was independent of the surface morphology. Overall, shallow-featured surfaces exhibited superior water repellency at subcooled temperatures, attributed to their lower solid-liquid contact fraction.

Background During cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), precise core temperature monitoring is critical for patient safety. This prospective study evaluated the agreement among three core temperature monitoring modalities: nasopharyngeal temperature (Tnaso), zero-heat flux cutaneous thermometer (TSpotOn), and oesophageal temperature (Teso). Methods Temperatures were measured simultaneously; agreement between monitoring sites was assessed using Bland–Altman analysis for repeated measures including mean bias, 95% limits of agreement, and confidence intervals, alongside Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC). The proportion of paired differences within the clinically acceptable limit of 0.5 °C was reported. Results The mean difference between Tnaso and TSpotOn was −0.04 ± 0.33 °C (95% limits: −0.69 to 0.62), and between Tnaso and Teso was 0.02 ± 0.35 °C (95% limits: −0.66 to 0.71), with LCCC for both comparisons at 0.94 (95% CI: 0.93–0.94), indicating substantial agreement. However, up to 14% of Teso pairs exceeded the 0.5 °C threshold, suggesting potential clinical relevance. Notable rapid temperature decline and subsequent rebound were observed post-HIPEC at Tnaso and TSpotOn sites. Conclusion All three monitoring methods correlated strongly overall, but Teso exhibited phase-dependent discrepancies, particularly after HIPEC. These findings support tailoring core temperature measurement site selection with attention to the target organ, especially in laparotomy-based HIPEC procedures. Trial registration : The study was registered in the clinical trials registry cris.nih.go.kr (Registration Number: KCT0003980).

Intense atmosphere‐ocean‐ice interactions in the Ross Sea play a vital role in global overturning circulation by supplying saline and dense shelf waters. Since the 1960s, freshening of the Ross Sea shelf water has led to a decline in Antarctic Bottom Water formation. However, during 2012–2018, salinity of the western Ross Sea has rebounded. This study adopts a global ocean‐sea ice model to investigate the causes of this salinity rebound. Model‐based surface salinity budget analysis indicates that the salinity rebound was driven by increased brine rejection from sea ice formation, triggered by nearly equal effects of local anomalous winds and surface heat flux. The local divergent wind anomalies promoted local sea ice formation by creating a thin ice area, while cooling heat flux anomaly decreased the surface temperature, increasing sea ice production as well. This highlights the importance of understanding local climate variability in projecting future dense shelf water change. Plain Language Summary Previous research linked the recent salinity increase in the western Ross Sea to weakened easterly winds from the Amundsen Sea. However, insufficient observations limit the further investigation of the linkage and underlying mechanisms between atmospheric forcing and shelf water salinity changes. In this study, we use a global ocean‐sea ice coupled model to investigate the factors affecting the recent western Ross Sea shelf water salinity increase. Based on a surface salinity budget analysis, we show that the recent salinity increase was supplied by brine rejection induced by increased sea ice formation, triggered almost equally by local anomalous winds and surface heat flux. The local wind anomalies induced a divergent motion in sea ice, reducing sea ice thickness and promoting local sea ice formation. Meanwhile, a negative heat flux anomaly from the atmosphere cools the surface, increasing sea ice production as well. Our study highlights the impact of local climate variability on dense shelf water. Moreover, the model experiment design and salinity budget analysis undertaken here provide an essential reference for identifying the major drivers of the shelf water salinity variations. Key Points Using a global ocean‐sea ice model, we simulate the recent rebound of Dense Shelf Water salinity in the western Ross Sea during 2012–2018 A model‐based salinity budget analysis reveals increased sea ice formation as the primary driver of the observed salinity rebound Experiments indicate that this increased sea ice formation is triggered by the combined effect of local wind stress and surface heat flux

High levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in compost materials pose a significant threat to the environment and human health. Conventional composting (CC) is widely adopted for waste management. However, mitigating ARG rebound in the late phase remains challenging. This work presents a strategy to extend the high-temperature duration by external heating to achieve rapid composting (RC). An innovative two-stage heating mode (first stage: day 3–6, 55 °C; second stage: day 7–10, 70 °C) was utilized in this study. We aimed to compare the removal and the rebound of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) between RC and CC treatments and to identify the key factors driving the fate of ARGs throughout the composting process by integrating with environmental factors, external stress, MGEs, and microbial communities. The results show that on day 40, ARGs increased by 8.2 times in conventional composting. After the high-temperature duration was prolonged from 5 days to 9 days, the highest elimination rates achieved for ARGs and MGEs were 85% and 97%, respectively; concurrently, ARG rebound was suppressed compared to conventional composting. Genes resisting β-lactamase, chloramphenicol, and quinolone showed maximal removal in both treatments. The antibiotics showed a significant reduction in both treatments, with 79.3% in extended high-temperature duration composting and 75.26% in conventional composting. Network analysis revealed that Gammaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Saccharimonadia, Cyanobacteriia, and Campylobacteria were the potential hosts of various ARG subtypes, and their abundance was reduced in extended high-temperature duration composting. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation model (SEM) confirmed that temperature was the key factor in composting, while the potential hosts of MGEs and ARGs were responsible for the rebounding of ARGs in conventional composting. Prolonging composting temperature is a key strategy for the removal of contaminants from aerobic composting to achieve a safe end-product.

Abstract Sleep is a behavioral and physiological state that is thought to serve important functions. Many animals go through phases in the annual cycle where sleep time might be limited, for example, during the migration and breeding phases. This leads to the question whether there are seasonal changes in sleep homeostasis. Using electroencephalogram (EEG) data loggers, we measured sleep in summer and winter in 13 barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) under semi-natural conditions. During both seasons, we examined the homeostatic regulation of sleep by depriving the birds of sleep for 4 and 8 h after sunset. In winter, barnacle geese showed a clear diurnal rhythm in sleep and wakefulness. In summer, this rhythm was less pronounced, with sleep being spread out over the 24-h cycle. On average, the geese slept 1.5 h less per day in summer compared with winter. In both seasons, the amount of NREM sleep was additionally affected by the lunar cycle, with 2 h NREM sleep less during full moon compared to new moon. During summer, the geese responded to 4 and 8 h of sleep deprivation with a compensatory increase in NREM sleep time. In winter, this homeostatic response was absent. Overall, sleep deprivation only resulted in minor changes in the spectral composition of the sleep EEG. In conclusion, barnacle geese display season-dependent homeostatic regulation of sleep. These results demonstrate that sleep homeostasis is not a rigid phenomenon and suggest that some species may tolerate sleep loss under certain conditions or during certain periods of the year.

A novel road-bridge link slab utilizing rubberized engineered cementitious composites (R-ECC) has been proposed for fully jointless bridges (FJBs). Preliminary research has shown that R-ECC road-bridge link slabs possess superior deformation absorption capacity, tensile strength, and crack control capabilities. However, micro-cracks developed on the surface of these slabs due to seasonal temperature fluctuations. While R-ECCs demonstrate improved bending ability compared to conventional ECCs, they exhibit lower compressive strength. Further research is necessary to investigate the crack development and bending deflection of microcracked R-ECC road-bridge link slabs under vehicle loads, which will help determine the suitability of R-ECCs for this application. The microcracked R-ECC slab has a great crack control capacity, and the rebound deflection measured in the experiment is less than the allowable value, indicating that the microcracked R-ECC slab meets the durability and strength standard. A sensitivity parameter finite element analysis was conducted considering the effects of slab thickness and equivalent elasticity modulus of the foundation on the R-ECC road-bridge link slab. Two evaluation indexes ‘ C t ’ and ‘ C e ’ are proposed to evaluate the performance and construction cost of the R-ECC slab. To improve performance and minimize construction costs, a design thickness of 180 mm and an equivalent elasticity modulus of the foundation of 800 MPa were recommended for the R-ECC road-bridge link slab.