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Termites
\"Carefully leveled text and vibrant photographs introduce early readers to termites and the structures they build together\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Termite mound emissions of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 are primarily determined by seasonal changes in termite biomass and behaviour
Termites are a highly uncertain component in the global source budgets of C[H.sub.4] and C[O.sub.2]. Large seasonal variations in termite mound fluxes of C[H.sub.4] and C[O.sub.2] have been reported in tropical savannas but the reason for this is largely unknown. This paper investigated the processes that govern these seasonal variations in C[H.sub.4] and C[O.sub.2] fluxes from the mounds of Microcerotermes nervosus Hill (Termitidae), a common termite species in Australian tropical savannas. Fluxes of C[H.sub.4] and C[O.sub.2] of termite mounds were 3.5-fold greater in the wet season as compared to the dry season and were a direct function of termite biomass. Termite biomass in mound samples was tenfold greater in the wet season compared to the dry season. When expressed per unit termite biomass, termite fluxes were only 1.2 (C[H.sub.4]) and 1.4 (C[O.sub.2])-fold greater in the wet season as compared to the dry season and could not explain the large seasonal variations in mound fluxes of C[H.sub.4] and C[O.sub.2]. Seasonal variation in both gas diffusivity through mound walls and C[H.sub.4] oxidation by mound material was negligible. These results highlight for the first time that seasonal termite population dynamics are the main driver for the observed seasonal differences in mound fluxes of C[H.sub.4] and C[O.sub.2]. These findings highlight the need to combine measurements of gas fluxes from termite mounds with detailed studies of termite population dynamics to reduce the uncertainty in quantifying seasonal variations in termite mound fluxes of C[H.sub.4] and C[O.sub.2].
Journal Article
Termite mound emissions of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 are primarily determined by seasonal changes in termite biomass and behaviour
Termites are a highly uncertain component in the global source budgets of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2. Large seasonal variations in termite mound fluxes of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 have been reported in tropical savannas but the reason for this is largely unknown. This paper investigated the processes that govern these seasonal variations in CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 fluxes from the mounds of Microcerotermes nervosus Hill (Termitidae), a common termite species in Australian tropical savannas. Fluxes of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 of termite mounds were 3.5-fold greater in the wet season as compared to the dry season and were a direct function of termite biomass. Termite biomass in mound samples was tenfold greater in the wet season compared to the dry season. When expressed per unit termite biomass, termite fluxes were only 1.2 (CH.sub.4) and 1.4 (CO.sub.2)-fold greater in the wet season as compared to the dry season and could not explain the large seasonal variations in mound fluxes of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2. Seasonal variation in both gas diffusivity through mound walls and CH.sub.4 oxidation by mound material was negligible. These results highlight for the first time that seasonal termite population dynamics are the main driver for the observed seasonal differences in mound fluxes of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2. These findings highlight the need to combine measurements of gas fluxes from termite mounds with detailed studies of termite population dynamics to reduce the uncertainty in quantifying seasonal variations in termite mound fluxes of CH.sub.4 and CO.sub.2.
Journal Article
Termite evolution: mutualistic associations, key innovations, and the rise of Termitidae
Termites are a clade of eusocial wood-feeding roaches with > 3000 described species. Eusociality emerged ~ 150 million years ago in the ancestor of modern termites, which, since then, have acquired and sometimes lost a series of adaptive traits defining of their evolution. Termites primarily feed on wood, and digest cellulose in association with their obligatory nutritional mutualistic gut microbes. Recent advances in our understanding of termite phylogenetic relationships have served to provide a tentative timeline for the emergence of innovative traits and their consequences on the ecological success of termites. While all “lower” termites rely on cellulolytic protists to digest wood, “higher” termites (Termitidae), which comprise ~ 70% of termite species, do not rely on protists for digestion. The loss of protists in Termitidae was a critical evolutionary step that fostered the emergence of novel traits, resulting in a diversification of morphology, diets, and niches to an extent unattained by “lower” termites. However, the mechanisms that led to the initial loss of protists and the succession of events that took place in the termite gut remain speculative. In this review, we provide an overview of the key innovative traits acquired by termites during their evolution, which ultimately set the stage for the emergence of “higher” termites. We then discuss two hypotheses concerning the loss of protists in Termitidae, either through an externalization of the digestion or a dietary transition. Finally, we argue that many aspects of termite evolution remain speculative, as most termite biological diversity and evolutionary trajectories have yet to be explored.
Journal Article
Termites
Termites don't just chew through wood; they eat it. That means a home, a tree house, or a tree can be a gigantic snack for a colony of termites. Unfortunately, when a colony decides a building is a perfect place to live, it can be hard to kick out these unwanted guests.
Book
Arabic Folklore The Termite of Prophet Sulayman (Solomon) & The Jinn Race (Demon)
Then when We decreed death for him, nothing informed them (Jinn) of his death except a termite, which kept gnawing away at his stick, so when he fell, the Jinn saw that if they had known the Ghayb (unseen), they would not have stayed in the torment.
eBook