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Arctic tern migration
\"Simple text and full-color photography introduce beginning readers to arctic tern migrations. Developed by literacy experts for students in kindergarten through third grade\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Migration of black terns Chlidonias niger and common terns Sterna hirundo between south Sweden and the Atlantic coast of Africa
Light‐level geolocators were used to record the annual migration cycles of black terns Chlidonias niger (9 individuals, 11 journeys) and common terns Sterna hirundo (7 individuals, 11 journeys) breeding in southernmost Sweden. The black terns used two different non‐breeding (Oct–Mar) regions along the Atlantic coast of Africa, either north of the equator between Senegal and Liberia (3 individuals) or south of the equator between Gabon and northern Namibia (5 individuals). All the common terns travelled to non‐breeding quarters south of the equator, mainly along the coasts of Namibia and South Africa. One juvenile common tern was tracked during the first twenty months of its life. This bird spent its first northern winter in South Africa, after which it migrated north of the equator to spend the northern summer as a one‐year‐old non‐breeder in tropical waters off Ghana, after which it returned to South Africa for its second northern winter. This record demonstrates that one‐year‐old terns may undertake extensive intra‐African migration to distant over‐summering areas. Comparing geolocator results from Swedish and Dutch black tern populations indicate that they have similar migration habits, with a possible tendency of relatively more individuals migrating south of the equator in the more northerly Swedish population (leap‐frog migration). Comparing geolocator and ringing results among common tern populations indicates a fascinating and complex pattern of scale‐dependent geographic segregation and intermixing along the coasts of Africa.
Journal Article
Tiny tern takes flight
Tiny Tern's journey begins! Arctic terns make the longest migration of any species. Every year, they fly from the northern Arctic to the southern Antarctic--and back--spending most of the year in flight. As the days grow shorter and colder, Tiny Tern and his flock prepare to leave the Arctic and begin their journey towards sunlight and warmth. The terns travel all the way to the other side of the world. Along the way, they encounter many dangers. Experience a bird's-eye view of getting lost in heavy storms, protecting hatchlings from predators, and finally reaching your destination. Following the story, discover more educational content about arctic terns. Read about what they eat, how they fly, and everything they encounter during their time in the Arctic and Antarctic.
BOOK
Effects of aircraft and recreation on colonial waterbird nesting behavior
Because of the variability in the types of human activities to which animals are exposed and the associated responses by different species, there is a lack of consensus on the effects of humans on wildlife behavior. We studied the effects of military air traffic, all-terrain vehicles, off-road vehicles, and pedestrians on the nesting behaviors of least terns (Sternula antillarum), common terns {Sterna hirundo), gull-billed terns {Gelochelidon nilotica), and black skimmers {Rynchops niger) at North Core Banks, Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO), North Carolina. We deployed digital audio recorders and time-lapse cameras within 9 colonies from May to August 2010–2011 and sampled nesting behaviors before, during, and after human activities. There was no evidence that military or civilian aircraft adversely affected incubation behavior for any of the focal species. The mean incubation rate by least terns was less during pedestrian events than control periods (91% vs. 79%, S= −2.2, P=0.04). The current patterns of aircraft operations are unlikely to affect colonial waterbird demographics. Current beach management policies restricting human activity to >50 m from colony boundaries mitigated adverse impacts to nesting colonial waterbirds.
Journal Article
Very low prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in two species of marsh terns
Vector-transmitted haemosporidians are among the most common parasites in birds, but our knowledge of the inter-specific patterns of infection rates and the parasite community composition is far from complete because of the unequal distribution of the screening effort across bird families and genera. To assess infection rates and the diversity of haemosporidians from the genera
Plasmodium
,
Haemoproteus
, and
Leucocytozoon
in marsh terns, which represent poorly explored in this regard genus of the family gulls, terns, and skimmers (Laridae), we screened two species: the Whiskered Tern (
Chlidonias hybrida
) and the Black Tern (
Chlidonias niger
). We sampled these long-distance migratory birds on breeding grounds: the Whiskered Tern in south-central Poland and north-central Ukraine, and the Black Tern—in north-central Ukraine. We found that birds from both species were infected only sporadically, with prevalence at the population level not exceeding 3.4%. Only parasites from the genera
Plasmodium
and
Leucocytozoon
were detected. There was neither an inter-specific difference nor a difference between populations of the Whiskered Tern in infection rates. In total, we registered three lineages—one
Plasmodium
and two
Leucocytozoon
—that were previously recorded in other bird species, and two unidentified
Plasmodium
infections. One of the lineages (
Leucocytozoon
LARCAC02) represents a specialist parasite with the host range restricted to larids and geographic range restricted to Poland, and two others (
Plasmodium
SGS1 and
Leucocytozoon
CIAE02) represent generalist parasites with very broad host and geographic ranges. This study reinforces the existing evidence that terns host parasites from genera
Haemoproteus
,
Plasmodium
, and
Leucocytozoon
only sporadically.
Journal Article
Dynamics of Common Sterna hirundo and Little Tern Sternula albifrons populations along the Sava River in North-western Croatia between 2002 and 2019
Between 2002 and 2019, monitoring of Common Tern
and Little Tern
along the Sava River near Zagreb, Croatia was conducted. Natura 2000 site “Sava kod Hrušćice” was designated to protect colony at river islands, with estimated population sizes of 100–150 pairs of Common and 20 pairs of the Little Tern. Flooding of the colony caused breeding failure in several years. Common Terns moved to breed on islands in gravel pits with a total population around 150 pairs, while Little Tern did not breed after 2010. In the last few years, terns have not bred at Hrušćica and the only colony inside the Natura 2000 site is situated on a breeding platform at Siromaja gravel pit. Channelling of rivers and hydropower plants are the main threats, changing natural dynamics of water level and causing reduction of gravel sediment in rivers.
Journal Article
Enhanced botnet detection in IoT networks using zebra optimization and dual-channel GAN classification
The Internet of Things (IoT) permeates various sectors, including healthcare, smart cities, and agriculture, alongside critical infrastructure management. However, its susceptibility to malware due to limited processing power and security protocols poses significant challenges. Traditional antimalware solutions fall short in combating evolving threats. To address this, the research work developed a feature selection-based classification model. At first stage, a preprocessing stage enhances dataset quality through data smoothing and consistency improvement. Feature selection via the Zebra Optimization Algorithm (ZOA) reduces dimensionality, while a classification phase integrates the Graph Attention Network (GAN), specifically the Dual-channel GAN (DGAN). DGAN incorporates Node Attention Networks and Semantic Attention Networks to capture intricate IoT device interactions and detect anomalous behaviors like botnet activity. The model's accuracy is further boosted by leveraging both structural and semantic data with the Sooty Tern Optimization Algorithm (STOA) for hyperparameter tuning. The proposed STOA-DGAN model achieves an impressive 99.87% accuracy in botnet activity classification, showcasing robustness and reliability compared to existing approaches.
Journal Article
Single-phase-to-ground Fault Line Selection Method Based on STOA-SVM
In view of the complex characteristics of nonlinearity and non-stableness of the zero-order current of each line after the single-phase ground fault of the distribution network, a distribution network fault selection method based on Sooty Tern Optimization Algorithm(STOA) and the combination of support vector machine is proposed. At first, the zero-sequence current before and after fault is obtained, then five kinds of IMFs including different components are obtained by ensemble empirical mode decomposition, and the energy entropy of the fault transient zero-sequence current is obtained by Hilbert transform, the results of training and testing are obtained by inputting the feature vector. The simulation results show that the accuracy of the proposed line selection model is 97.5%.
Journal Article
Usurpation and Brooding of Least Tern (Sternula antillarum) Chicks by Common Terns (Sterna hirundo)
While nest usurpation and subsequent incubation of eggs and even brooding of chicks from other species has been reported for Common Terns (Sterna hirundo), such behavior is considered rare. We report an observation of a Common Tern pair usurping the Least Tern (Sternula antillarum) nest and brooding the Least Tern chicks. While the Least Tern pair attempted to provide care for the chicks, the Common Terns displayed aggressive behavior and defended the nest. Though both species attempted to feed the chicks, no feeding events were observed due to harassment from the other species. Neither pair was observed nesting prior to or following this event, and all chicks are believed to have been lost to predation. We discuss the possible scenarios leading to the observed usurpation event, the possibility that usurpations are more common than previously believed, and the need for different monitoring methods to elucidate the causes of usurpations.
Journal Article