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Tiny tern takes flight
Tiny Tern's journey begins! Arctic terns make the longest migration of any species. Every year, they fly from the northern Arctic to the southern Antarctic--and back--spending most of the year in flight. As the days grow shorter and colder, Tiny Tern and his flock prepare to leave the Arctic and begin their journey towards sunlight and warmth. The terns travel all the way to the other side of the world. Along the way, they encounter many dangers. Experience a bird's-eye view of getting lost in heavy storms, protecting hatchlings from predators, and finally reaching your destination. Following the story, discover more educational content about arctic terns. Read about what they eat, how they fly, and everything they encounter during their time in the Arctic and Antarctic.
BOOK
Mass Mortality Caused by Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Sandwich Terns, the Netherlands, 2022
We collected data on mass mortality in Sandwich terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis) during the 2022 breeding season in the Netherlands. Mortality was associated with at least 2 variants of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b. We report on carcass removal efforts relative to survival in colonies. Mitigation strategies urgently require structured research.
Journal Article
Sex-specific foraging behaviour of the Whiskered Tern during the breeding season/Sukupuolikohtainen ruokailukayttaytyminen valkoposkitiiralla pesimakauden aikana
Sexual size dimorphism is common in many bird species. It can lead to sex-specific differences in foraging ability. The Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybrida) exhibits sexual size dimorphism. Sex-specific differences in the foraging behaviour of Whiskered Terns were investigated in carp ponds during the breeding season. Foraging behaviour was different between the sexes. Males foraged mainly by shallow plunge diving into the water, while females foraged mainly by picking prey from plants and the water surface. We attributed these differences to sexual size dimorphism, as males are significantly larger than females. The foraging success of vertebrate prey capture by Whiskered Terns was high (male average = 61%, female average = 65%), and not significantly different between sexes. Males had more aggressive encounters than females. Generally, we did not find correlations between the rate of main foraging techniques of male and female Whiskered Terns and weather conditions (cloud cover and wind speed). This was probably due to the high prey availability in carp ponds. Monilla linnuilla koiras ja naaras ovat erikokoisia. Tallainen sukupuolten valinen kokodimorfia voi johtaa sukupuolten erilaistumiseen ravinnonhankinnassa. Valkoposkitiiralla (Chlidonias hybrida) koiraat ovat selvasti naarasta suurempia. Me tutkimme sukupuolten valisia eroja ruokailukayttaytymisessa pesimakauden aikana. Havaitsimme, etta sukupuolet kayttavat erilaisia ruokailutekniikoita. Koiraat paaasiassa hankkivat ravintonsa sukeltamalla, kun taas naarat saalistivat kasvien ja veden pinnalta. Saalistustehokkuus oli korkea seka koirailla (keskimaarin 61 %) etta naarailla (65 %), eika se eronnut sukupuolten valilla. Koirailla oli enemman yhteenottoja kuin naarailla. Saatila (pilvisyys ja tuulen nopeus) ei ollut yhteydessa lintujen kayttamiin ruokailutekniikoihin kummallakaan sukupuolella.
Journal Article
Incursion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus, Brazil, 2023
We report 4 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4.b viruses in samples collected during June 2023 from Royal terns and Cabot's terns in Brazil. Phylodynamic analysis revealed viral movement from Peru to Brazil, indicating a concerning spread of this clade along the Atlantic Americas migratory bird flyway.
Journal Article
Mass Mortality in Terns and Gulls Associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Caspian Sea, Kazakhstan
Mass mortality in Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia), Pallas’s gulls (Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus), and Caspian gulls (Larus cachinnans) was recorded on the northeastern shores of the Caspian Sea in June 2022. More than 5000 gulls and terns died due to the outbreak. The outbreak was investigated in the field, and representative numbers of samples were collected and analyzed using pathological, virological, and molecular methods. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses were detected and isolated from samples collected from dead birds. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the hemagglutinin (HA) genes belonged to the clade 2.3.4.4.b of the H5Nx HPAI viruses, B2 sub-lineage, and were closely related to the highly pathogenic influenza viruses, caused an outbreak in wild birds with a high mortality rate in the western part of the Caspian Sea.
Journal Article
Migration of black terns Chlidonias niger and common terns Sterna hirundo between south Sweden and the Atlantic coast of Africa
Light‐level geolocators were used to record the annual migration cycles of black terns Chlidonias niger (9 individuals, 11 journeys) and common terns Sterna hirundo (7 individuals, 11 journeys) breeding in southernmost Sweden. The black terns used two different non‐breeding (Oct–Mar) regions along the Atlantic coast of Africa, either north of the equator between Senegal and Liberia (3 individuals) or south of the equator between Gabon and northern Namibia (5 individuals). All the common terns travelled to non‐breeding quarters south of the equator, mainly along the coasts of Namibia and South Africa. One juvenile common tern was tracked during the first twenty months of its life. This bird spent its first northern winter in South Africa, after which it migrated north of the equator to spend the northern summer as a one‐year‐old non‐breeder in tropical waters off Ghana, after which it returned to South Africa for its second northern winter. This record demonstrates that one‐year‐old terns may undertake extensive intra‐African migration to distant over‐summering areas. Comparing geolocator results from Swedish and Dutch black tern populations indicate that they have similar migration habits, with a possible tendency of relatively more individuals migrating south of the equator in the more northerly Swedish population (leap‐frog migration). Comparing geolocator and ringing results among common tern populations indicates a fascinating and complex pattern of scale‐dependent geographic segregation and intermixing along the coasts of Africa.
Journal Article
Effects of aircraft and recreation on colonial waterbird nesting behavior
Because of the variability in the types of human activities to which animals are exposed and the associated responses by different species, there is a lack of consensus on the effects of humans on wildlife behavior. We studied the effects of military air traffic, all-terrain vehicles, off-road vehicles, and pedestrians on the nesting behaviors of least terns (Sternula antillarum), common terns {Sterna hirundo), gull-billed terns {Gelochelidon nilotica), and black skimmers {Rynchops niger) at North Core Banks, Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO), North Carolina. We deployed digital audio recorders and time-lapse cameras within 9 colonies from May to August 2010–2011 and sampled nesting behaviors before, during, and after human activities. There was no evidence that military or civilian aircraft adversely affected incubation behavior for any of the focal species. The mean incubation rate by least terns was less during pedestrian events than control periods (91% vs. 79%, S= −2.2, P=0.04). The current patterns of aircraft operations are unlikely to affect colonial waterbird demographics. Current beach management policies restricting human activity to >50 m from colony boundaries mitigated adverse impacts to nesting colonial waterbirds.
Journal Article
Measuring behavioral responses of sea turtles, saltwater crocodiles, and crested terns to drone disturbance to define ethical operating thresholds
Drones are being increasingly used in innovative ways to enhance environmental research and conservation. Despite their widespread use for wildlife studies, there are few scientifically justified guidelines that provide minimum distances at which wildlife can be approached to minimize visual and auditory disturbance. These distances are essential to ensure that behavioral and survey data have no observer bias and form the basis of requirements for animal ethics and scientific permit approvals. In the present study, we documented the behaviors of three species of sea turtle (green turtles, Chelonia mydas, flatback turtles, Natator depressus, hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata), saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus), and crested terns (Thalasseus bergii) in response to a small commercially available (1.4 kg) multirotor drone flown in Northern Territory and Western Australia. Sea turtles in nearshore waters off nesting beaches or in foraging habitats exhibited no evasive behaviors (e.g. rapid diving) in response to the drone at or above 20-30 m altitude, and at or above 10 m altitude for juvenile green and hawksbill turtles foraging on shallow, algae-covered reefs. Adult female flatback sea turtles were not deterred by drones flying forward or stationary at 10 m altitude when crawling up the beach to nest or digging a body pit or egg chamber. In contrast, flyovers elicited a range of behaviors from crocodiles, including minor, lateral head movements, fleeing, or complete submergence when a drone was present below 50 m altitude. Similarly, a colony of crested terns resting on a sand-bank displayed disturbance behaviors (e.g. flight response) when a drone was flown below 60 m altitude. The current study demonstrates a variety of behavioral disturbance thresholds for diverse species and should be considered when establishing operating conditions for drones in behavioral and conservation studies.
Journal Article