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Creating the national security state
For the last sixty years, American foreign and defense policymaking has been dominated by a network of institutions created by one piece of legislation--the 1947 National Security Act. This is the definitive study of the intense political and bureaucratic struggles that surrounded the passage and initial implementation of the law. Focusing on the critical years from 1937 to 1960, Douglas Stuart shows how disputes over the lessons of Pearl Harbor and World War II informed the debates that culminated in the legislation, and how the new national security agencies were subsequently transformed by battles over missions, budgets, and influence during the early cold war.
Stuart provides an in-depth account of the fight over Truman's plan for unification of the armed services, demonstrating how this dispute colored debates about institutional reform. He traces the rise of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the transformation of the CIA, and the institutionalization of the National Security Council. He also illustrates how the development of this network of national security institutions resulted in the progressive marginalization of the State Department.
Stuart concludes with some insights that will be of value to anyone interested in the current debate over institutional reform.
eBook
How History Wars Shape Foreign Policy: An Ancient Kingdom and the Future of China–South Korea Relations
Do history wars shape international affairs? If so, how and for whom? Taking the historical dispute between China and South Korea over the ancient Gaogouli/Goguryeo Kingdom as a case study, this article explores the individual-level psychological micro-foundations of history wars. A 2020 survey experiment in South Korea pit “ours” vs “theirs” Goguryeo imitation Wikipedia entries to explore their downstream consequences. It revealed direct, indirect, and conditional effects. Exposure to China's claim to the Kingdom undermined Korean pride, increasing dislike of China, and lessening desires to cooperate with it. Pre-existing levels of nationalism divided South Koreans in how angry they became after exposure the Wikipedia primes. That anger, however, only shaped the China policy preferences of those South Koreans who viewed the balance of military power with China favorably. Implications for ownership disputes over kimchi and other national possessions are also discussed, as are the implications of history wars for war and peace in twenty-first-century East Asia.
Journal Article
Asian Approaches to International Law and the Legacy of Colonialism
The chapters in this volume address international legal issues impacted by the legacy of the Asian region's historical experience with colonialism and its current standing in the international system. This volume provides a perspective on these issues from Asian legal scholars who have embarked on an analysis and discussion of the various ways in which international law and the international legal process can resolve these issues in a manner that is appropriate for the region.
The book examines the interconnections between diverse topics, such as current territorial disputes over maritime areas (which includes disputes over maritime delimitation) and the scope of exclusive economic zones in East and Southeast Asia, both of which are aspects of some of the critical political, economic, and legal issues presently confronting the region. These territorial and maritime disputes are partially due to the geography of the region, but the editors make a convincing argument for the genesis of these disputes being rooted in the legacy of the region's colonial past; a legacy which has confounded attempts at resolution of these disputes and still deeply influences international relations in the region.
Asian Approaches to International Law and the Legacy of Colonialism will be of particular interest to academics and students of International Law, Maritime Law and Asian Studies.
eBook
UNDERSTANDING THE DOKDO ISSUE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LIBERALIST APPROACH
Some Japanese scholars such as Ikegami Masako suggest that the Dokdo issue can and should be resolved using a liberalist approach. This approach, however, ignores the essence of the issue and attempts, instead, to solve the problem by treating it as a subject of conflict resolution. But such an approach designed in haste to resolve the Dokdo issue could only further aggravate the existing tension between the two countries. This paper argues that a twin approach, one realist and one constructivist, is the best way to deal with the Dokdo issue. From the realist perspective, compromise or cooperation is not a feasible option for resolving the Dokdo issue, which is basically a dispute over sovereignty and territory. From a constructivist point of view, it is an issue of identity. Dokdo is considered to be an inseparable part of Korean territory that must be protected at any cost. Consequently, the only solution to the problem is for Japan to retract its claim over Dokdo, which will be taken by Koreans as a sign of Japan's willingness to reorient its course of actions and in so doing the relationship can finally be put on the right track.
Journal Article
U.S., Russia And Ukraine Agree To Halt Black Sea Fighting; Trump Insists No Classified Information Shared On Signal Chain; Europe Considers Security Options After Trump Admin Insults; South Korea Battling Worst Forest Fires In Decades; Oscar-Winning Palestinian Director Freed From Israeli Custody; Pope Came So Close To Death Doctors Mulled Ending Treatment. Aired 12-12:45a ET
Russia demanding sanctions relief benefiting more from BlackSea ceasefire while Ukraine's President Zelenskyy warning Russia mightviolate terms of deals. U.S. National Security adviser Mike Waltzacknowledging adding journalist to the Signal group chat, with othertop intel officials shifting responsibility to the Defense secretaryon classified information. Contents of the Signal group chat by U.S.top officials revealed criticism of Europe. Helicopter crashed withfirefighters on board as wildfires raged across South Korea that hadkilled at least 18. Oscar-winning director Hamdan Ballal has beenfreed from Israeli custody after being attacked by Israeli protestorsand then arrested. According to doctors, Pope Francis came so close todeath that doctors considered ending treatment to let him diepeacefully. GUESTS: Matthew Schmidt
Transcript
National Security Adviser Added A Journalist To Text Chat On Highly Sensitive Yemen Strike Plans. South Korea Battling Worst Forest Fires In Decades; Palestinians Hold Largest Anti-Hamas Protest Since October 7th; Pope Came So Close to Death Doctors Mulled Ending Treatment; Motorcyclist Found Dead After Falling Into Sinkhole in Seoul; Chinese EV Maker BYD Eclipses Tesla in Sales; Research Finds Chewing Gum Release Microplastics Into Saliva. Aired 2-2:45a ET
The directors of National Intelligence and the CIA toldsenators they think Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth is the oneresponsible for determining if anything discussed in the chat wasclassified. The White House says Russia and Ukraine have agreed tostop attacking each other's ships in the Black Sea, to ensure safenavigation and to suspend strikes on energy facilities for 30 days.President Han Duck-Soo briefing South Koreans on the devastatingwildfires that have been burning since the weekend, causingunprecedented damage. A motorcyclist was found dead in Seoul Tuesdayafter falling into a sinkhole, the body of the 33-year-old man wasfound inside a subway tunnel under construction; Chinese EV maker BYDeclipses Tesla sales, tops $100 billion, a 29 percent jump in salesfrom the previous year; Research finds chewing gum releasemicroplastics into saliva possibly due to polymers used to give gumits chewiness and flavor retention.
Transcript
Israeli Army Conducts Raids Deeper In Gaza City; 3-Year-Old American Among Hostages Still Held by Hamas; More than 180,000 Join Marches Against Anti-Semitism In France; U.S., South Korea Revise Deterrence Strategy, Boost Drills Over North Korea Threat; Biden And Xi To Meet In California Next Week; U.S. Medical Aid Groups Rush to Support Gaza Hospitals; Israel Blames Lebanon, Hezbollah for Increased Fighting; U.S. Lawmakers Up Against Friday Funding Deadline; State of Emergency in Iceland Due to
Israeli ground forces are encircling and moving deeper intoGaza City, within 2 km of Gaza's largest medical facility. Thesituation at Al-Shifa Hospital is part of a deepening Gaza healthcare, Gaza's health system is crumbling as hundreds try to evacuate. A3-year-old American citizen whose parents were killed by Hamas whenthe militant group attacked Israel on October 7 is believed to beamong the hostages still held in Gaza. More than 180,000 people acrossFrance, including tens of thousands in Paris, have joined marches tocondemn a surge in anti-Semitism amid Israel's ongoing war againstHamas in Gaza. Five members of the U.S. Army Special Operations forceshave died in a helicopter crash in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. USPresident Joe Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping are planning tohold talks in California on Wednesday. The director of the al-ShifaHospital in Gaza City says the facility is in a dire strait from lackof electricity with all operating rooms now out of service. Medicalgroups in the U.S. are scrambling to offer support to theirPalestinian colleagues. However, getting those supplies to Gaza isanother difficult task. As Israel focuses on Hamas and Gaza, theconflict with Hezbollah is escalating at the border with Lebanon. AndIsrael says it holds the Lebanese government and the militant groupresponsible for the increased fighting. And members of Congress areworking against the clock with a Friday deadline to keep thegovernment up and running. The new speaker of the house is pushing anunconventional plan that would provide staggered funding into the newyear. Iceland is under a state of emergency due to the threats ofvolcanic eruptions. This comes amid an intense wave earthquakes in aregion well known for seismic activity. GUESTS: Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, Dr. Mustafa Musleh
Transcript
Logics of Hierarchy
Political science has had trouble generating models that unify the study of the formation and consolidation of various types of states and empires. The business-administration literature, however, has long experience in observing organizations. According to a dominant model in this field, business firms generally take one of two forms: unitary (U) or multidivisional (M). The U-form organizes its various elements along the lines of administrative functions, whereas the M-form governs its periphery according to geography and territory.
InLogics of Hierarchy, Alexander Cooley applies this model to political hierarchies across different cultures, geographical settings, and historical eras to explain a variety of seemingly disparate processes: state formation, imperial governance, and territorial occupation. Cooley illustrates the power of this formal distinction with detailed accounts of the experiences of Central Asian republics in the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, and compares them to developments in the former Yugoslavia, the governance of modern European empires, Korea during and after Japanese occupation, and the recent U.S. occupation of Iraq.
In applying this model,Logics of Hierarchyreveals the varying organizational ability of powerful states to promote institutional transformation in their political peripheries and the consequences of these formations in determining pathways of postimperial extrication and state-building. Its focus on the common organizational problems of hierarchical polities challenges much of the received wisdom about imperialism and postimperialism.
eBook