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\"In remote Pakistan, Nick Bright awaits his fate. A successful financial trader, Nick is kidnapped by an Islamic militant group, but with no one negotiating his release, he agrees to an unusual plan. He will earn his own ransom by helping his captors manipulate and master the world commodities and currency markets\"--Amazon.com.

How long have the United States and their Saudi allies been sponsoring and financing the radical Islamists, and why doesn't anyone stop them? Labévière uncovers the money-laundering, the organized crime and the interlocking world of business and politics.

In the post '9/11' legal and political environment, Islam and Muslims have been associated with terrorism. Islamic civilization has increasingly been characterized as backward, insular, stagnant and unable to deal with the demands of the twenty first century and differences and schisms between Islam and the west are being perceived as monumental and insurmountable. '9/11' terrorist attacks have unfortunately provided vital ammunition to the critics of Islam and those who champion a 'clash of civilizations'. In this original and incisive study, the author investigates the relationship between Islamic law, States practices and International terrorism. It presents a detailed analysis of the sources of Islamic law and reviews the concepts of Jihad, religious freedom and minority rights within Sharia and Siyar. In eradicating existing misconceptions, the book provides a thorough commentary of the contributions made by Islamic States in the development of international law, including norms on the prohibition of terrorism. It presents a lucid debate on such key issues within classical and modern Islamic State practices as diplomatic immunities, prohibitions on hostage-taking, aerial and maritime terrorism, and the financing of terrorism. The book surveys the unfairness and injustices within international law - a legal system dominated and operated at the behest of a select band of powerful States. It forewarns that unilateralism and the undermining of human rights values in the name of the 'war on terrorism' is producing powerful reactions within Muslim States: the 'new world order' presents a dangerous prognosis of the self-fulfilling prophecy of an inevitable 'clash of civilizations' between the Islamic world and the west.

We analyze spatial spillover effects in international tourism as a consequence of transnational terrorist attacks. Specifically, we hypothesize that attacks executed in Islamic countries on citizens from Western countries will generate spatial spillovers of three kinds. Firstly, tourism from the victims’ countries to Islamic destination countries other than the location of the attacks will decline. Secondly, tourism from other Western countries to the country in which the attacks took place will decline. Thirdly, tourism from other Western countries to other Islamic destination countries also will decline. These spatial spillover effects occur because the terror message is strategically addressed at Western citizens in general rather than the tourists’ countries of origin per se. Tourists update their priors after such attacks, rationally expecting a greater chance of becoming victimized in other Islamic countries as well, given the transnational character of Islamist terror groups and the limited capacity of governments in Islamic countries to prevent such attacks.

This book explores the global jihad movement and its emergence in the latter half of the twentieth century. Roshandel and Chadha investigate the nature and extent of this threat, tracing its religious and ideological roots, relevant history, and its goals.

The present inquiry revisits the influence of the fourth religious wave of modern terrorism on the allocation of official development assistance (ODA). The theoretical framework is predicated first on comprehensive review of the pertinent literature on the nexus between political instability and foreign aid, augmented by the assessment of Central Intelligence Agency declassified documents and Congressional Service Reports. Based on the systematic review of the sources, the study puts forward a novel dynamic differential game theory model, which enables derivation of the scenarios for foreign aid allocation. The study finds that despite dominance of geopolitical and/or commercial interests in the allocation of aid, high incidence of terrorist attacks does not lead to less development aid, but rather catalyzes it. Subsequent empirical analysis of a dataset with 121 developing and transition economies spanning between 1970 and 2016 reveals that terrorism incidents, level of political rights, and the War on Terror had a statistically significant positive long-run and negative short-run effect on the level of foreign aid commitment of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development member states. The growth rate of foreign aid in the developing countries with a predominantly Muslim population has been systematically 0.1 to 0.85 percent greater than in non-Muslim countries. Subsequent assessment of the security bias in the allocation of aid indicates that re-securitization of aid since 1998 has led to weak diversion of aid commitment from areas with fewer terrorism incidents to jurisdictions with a greater frequency of terrorist attacks.

01 02 Offering a postcolonial reading of the case of Linde et al. v. Arab Bank, PLC, this study argues that American courtrooms are being used by rhetors to tell Anglo-American stories about Hamas, the causes of the Second Intifada, and the importance of 'drying up' terrorist financing. While legislation like the 1990 Anti-Terrorism Act appears to be formalistic and neutral in the way that it references the importance of cutting down on the financing of terrorism, the author argues that American courts have often interpreted this in one-sided ways that target 'Arab' banks or 'Palestinian' terrorism. This critique posits that ostensibly objective and apolitical judicial cases on terrorism are in fact serving the ideological purpose of justifying both the Israeli and American vilification of controversial organizations like Hamas. Moreover, by labelling institutions like the Arab Bank abettors of terrorism, American judges and juries hurt Middle Eastern charities and hurt the cause of moderates in the region. 13 02 Marouf Hasian, Jr. is Professor of Communication at the University of Utah, USA. He is the author of numerous books, more than 150 refereed articles and book chapters, and has written on such topics as drone warfare and lawfare, public acceptance of national security states, and the securitization of human rights rhetoric. 02 02 This book provides readers with a postcolonial reading of the case of Linde et al. v. Arab Bank, PLC, and argues that American courtrooms are being used by rhetors to tell Anglo-American stories about Hamas, the causes of the Second Intifada, and the importance of 'drying up' terrorist financing. 04 02 1. Appreciating the Significance of the Linde et al. v. Arab Bank, PLC 'Terrorism' Bank Cases 2. A Critical Genealogical Study of Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Colonial And Imperial Concerns About the Financing of Terrorism 3. Critical Reading of the Passage of the 1990 Anti-Terrorism Act and the Filing of the Linde et al. v. Arab Bank, PLC cases 4. A Critical Review of the Linde Plaintiffs' Framing of the Role that Financial Institutions Played in the Rise of Hamas, 2000 to 2014 5. Situation Factors and the Defense's Framing of Banking Innocence in the Linde et al. v. Arab Bank, PLC Cases 6. Conclusion-The Lingering Influence of the Linde et al. v. Arab Bank, PLC cases

Research has found that, among other factors, skepticism about democracy and its suitability as a form of government helps to drive public support for violent extremism in the Muslim World. According to scholars, Muslim skeptics of democracy resent it as the product of Western political and cultural intrusion and reflexively support violent extremism as an expression of cultural resistance. Using public opinion data on support for various forms of terrorism among survey respondents in the Palestinian Territories, I find evidence for a more complex explanation. Respondents that support terrorism are indeed more likely to be skeptical of democracy because they regard it to be incompatible with Islam. However, terrorism supporters also reject democratic rule because they associate it with poor economic performance. The results suggest that democratic skepticism is associated with support for terrorism in Muslim societies, but point to both religious-cultural and socioeconomic factors as important components of the relationship.

This paper analyzes both the market quality and price dynamics of a sample group of Islamic indexes. Our results highlight that efficient investment allocation is not compromised by the application of Shariah criteria. However, although few indexes impose an additional liquidity cost on investors, a vast majority of indexes present degrees of liquidity that are similar to conventional indexes. Ultimately, investors whose investment decisions are guided by religious principles do not bear significant additional costs of inefficiency but may have to accept that their portfolios are more sensitive to geopolitical events. However, Islamic indexes may contribute to the international diversification of investors' portfolios.

This study investigates the conventional and Islamic equity market reaction towards terrorism events in Pakistan from 2009 to 2016 using OLS regression and GARCH (1, 1) models. The prospect theory and efficient market hypothesis are the relevant theories. Findings indicate that conventional and Islamic equity market reaction towards terrorism events is very short lived and markets recovers quickly. This study also documents the market reaction to terrorism events based on the target type, location and during the Islamic calendar months. The impact of different target types and different event locations on the conventional and Islamic equity markets varies. The equity markets in Pakistan responds negatively to the attacks on educational institutes and businesses whereas positively to attacks on armed forces’ facilities. Furthermore, conventional equity market responds negatively to terrorist attacks in Karachi and positively to attacks in financial cities and FATA. Interestingly, Islamic equity market responds positively towards the attacks in financial cities and FATA, however, with very minute reaction magnitude. The findings of this study are useful for the investors to manage their portfolios by considering magnitude and direction of market reaction towards terrorism based on the target type, location and Islamic months. Overall, this study concludes that conventional and Islamic equity markets reaction towards terrorism is very minute; however, the conventional and Islamic equity markets reaction varies based on target type, event location and different Islamic calendar months. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that equity markets recover very soon, therefore, markets are efficient in observing these shocks.