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Early SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections within 60 Days and Implications for Retesting Policies
Illustrated by a clinical case supplemented by epidemiologic data, early reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 after infection with Delta variant, and reinfection with Omicron BA.2 after Omicron BA.1 infection, can occur within 60 days, especially in young, unvaccinated persons. The case definition of reinfection, which influences retesting policies, should be reconsidered.
Journal Article
Educational assessment on trial
\"What purpose does educational assessment serve? Are the same instruments suitable for different purposes? How much trust can we place upon the outcomes of educational assessment? The subject of educational assessment is much discussed and much misunderstood. Policymakers assert its importance to quality in education and its essential role in ensuring accountability for public education, and the results of educational assessment are thought to be of such vital interest to society that they are often made public knowledge. This approachable text explores the philosophical issues underlying these debates and how they impact on public educational policy. Two leading educators well-known for their work on educational assessment offer different perspectives on the value of exams and tests for a flourishing system of education, while the editor, Gerard Lum, comments on the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Personalized risk score prediction and testing policy adaptations of a COVID-19 population-based contact tracing network
Contact tracing is an effective public health policy to put the fast-spreading epidemic under control. The government tracks the contacts of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, recommends testing, encourages self-quarantine, and monitors symptoms of contacts. In developing and less-developed countries with limited resources for widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing, it remains essential to identify and quarantine positive contacts to control outbreaks. Therefore, analysing recall and precision when implementing testing policies for these contacts is necessary. We analysed a contact tracing dataset from a cohort of 827 index patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and their 14814 close contacts from Jan 2020 to July 2020 in a province in eastern China. We constructed a network from the data and used a Graph Convolutional Network to predict each contact’s infection status. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method to use population-based contact tracing data for predicting the infection status using graph neural networks. Despite limited information, our model achieves competitive Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC AUC) compared to hospital-onset scenarios. Based on the risk scores, we propose several contact testing policy adaptations that balance resource efficiency and effective pandemic control.
Journal Article
Estimating CO2 Emission Savings from Ultrahigh Performance Concrete: A System Dynamics Approach
Ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC) is the world’s most consumed commodity after water. However, the production of cement is a major contributor to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In recent years, ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) has emerged as a strong contender to replace OPC in diverse applications. UHPC has much higher mechanical strength, and thus less material is used in a structural member to resist the same load. Moreover, it has a much longer service life, reducing the long-term need for repair and replacement of aging civil infrastructure. Thus, UHPC can enhance the sustainability of cement and concrete. However, there is currently no robust tool to estimate the sustainability benefits of UHPC. This task is challenging considering that such benefits can only be captured over the long-term since variables, such as population growth and cement demand per capita, become more uncertain. In addition, the problem of CO2 emissions from cement and concrete is a complex system affected by time-dependent feedback. The System Dynamics (SD) method has specifically been developed for modeling such complex systems. Accordingly, a SD model was developed in this study to test various pertinent policy scenarios. It is shown that UHPC can reduce cumulative CO2 emissions of cement and concrete—over the studied simulation period—by more than 17%. If supplementary cementitious materials are further deployed in UHPC and new technologies permit reducing the carbon footprint per unit mass of cement, emission savings can become more substantial. The model offers a flexible framework where the user controls various inputs and can extend the model to account for new data, without the need for reconstruction of the entire model.
Journal Article
On the same track : how schools can join the twenty-first-century struggle against resegregation
\"A public school principal's account of the courageous leaders who have dismantled the tracking systems in their schools in order to desegregate classrooms and provide better learning experiences for all students. Since the beginning of the last century, the sorting of students into different \"tracks\" has resulted in segregated classrooms and unequal learning opportunities for students. This book traces the origins of tracking, from its beginnings in the early 20th century to today. As Burris takes readers through this history, she argues that tracking perpetuates de facto segregation within districts that were ordered by the courts to desegregate. Drawing on the latest research, Burris shows how tracking results in achievement gaps and racial and class stratification. Burris then chronicles the struggles of courageous school leaders, teachers and parents as they sought to overcome race, class and intellectual prejudice and dismantle the student sorting systems in their schools. Finally, she provides timely caution regarding how some of the present day reforms may result in further racial and socioeconomic segregation, undermining some of the progress that schools have made in creating more equitable learning experiences for children\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A Formal Validation Approach for XACML 3.0 Access Control Policy
Access control systems represent a security mechanism to regulate the access to system resources, and XACML is the standard language for specifying, storing and deploying access control policies. The verbosity and complexity of XACML syntax as well as the natural language semantics provided by the standard make the verification and testing of these policies difficult and error-prone. In the literature, analysis techniques and access control languages formalizations are provided for verifiability and testability purposes. This paper provides three contributions: it provides a comprehensive formal specification of XACML 3.0 policy elements; it leverages the existing policy coverage criteria to be suitable for XACML 3.0; and it introduces a new set of coverage criteria to better focus the testing activities on the peculiarities of XACML 3.0. The application of the proposed coverage criteria to a policy example is described, and hints for future research directions are discussed.
Journal Article
Enabling HIV self-testing in South Africa
In a South African context, we consider the implications of the United States Food and Drug Administration’s recent approval of the OraQuick HIV self-testing kit. We argue that current law and policy inhibit the roll-out of accurate and well-regulated self-testing kits, and create a loophole for sale in supermarkets, but not pharmacies.
Journal Article