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Greater emphasis needs to be placed on research into eco-friendly processes particularly suited for the textile industry. With this goal in mind, all environmental aspects relating to the textile and clothing industry are discussed in this book. Included in the 11 informative chapters herein are topics covering the correlation between the environment and the processing and utilization of textiles and clothing. Chapter 1 discusses the direct impact that the textile industry has on the environment. The hazardous environmental consequences that synthetic dyes used to color textiles have on the environment are highlighted in Chapter 2. Greener alternatives to dyeing are discussed in Chapters 3 through 5, and eco-friendly ways of finishing textiles are discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. Finally, solutions to address the environmental hazards associated with the textile industry are presented in Chapters 8 through 11.

The production of textile materials comprises a very large and complex global industry that utilises a diverse range of fibre types and creates a variety of textile products. As the great majority of such products are coloured, predominantly using aqueous dyeing processes, the coloration of textiles is a large-scale global business in which complex procedures are used to apply different types of dye to the various types of textile material. The development of such dyeing processes is the result of substantial research activity, undertaken over many decades, into the physico-chemical aspects of dye adsorption and the establishment of 'dyeing theory', which seeks to describe the mechanism by which dyes interact with textile fibres. Physico-Chemical Aspects of Textile Coloration provides a comprehensive treatment of the physical chemistry involved in the dyeing of the major types of natural, man-made and synthetic fibres with the principal types of dye. The book covers: * fundamental aspects of the physical and chemical structure of both fibres and dyes, together with the structure and properties of water, in relation to dyeing; * dyeing as an area of study as well as the terminology employed in dyeing technology and science; * contemporary views of intermolecular forces and the nature of the interactions that can occur between dyes and fibres at a molecular level; * fundamental principles involved in dyeing theory, as represented by the thermodynamics and kinetics of dye sorption; * detailed accounts of the mechanism of dyeing that applies to cotton (and other cellulosic fibres), polyester, polyamide, wool, polyacrylonitrile and silk fibres; * non-aqueous dyeing, as represented by the use of air, organic solvents and supercritical CO2 fluid as alternatives to water as application medium. The up-to-date text is supported by a large number of tables, figures and illustrations as well as footnotes and widespread use of references to published work. The book is essential reading for students, teachers, researchers and professionals involved in textile coloration.

The global manufacturing of clothing is usually composed of multistep processes, which include a large number of chemicals. However, there is generally no information regarding the chemical content remaining in the finished clothes. Clothes in close and prolonged skin contact may thus be a significant source of daily human exposure to hazardous compounds depending on their ability to migrate from the textiles and be absorbed by the skin. In the present study, twenty-four imported garments on the Swedish market were investigated with respect to their content of organic compounds, using a screening workflow. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization/high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for both suspect and non-target screening. The most frequently detected compound was benzothiazole followed by quinoline. Nitroanilines with suspected mutagenic and possible skin sensitization properties, and quinoline, a carcinogenic compound, were among the compounds occurring at the highest concentrations. In some garments, the level of quinoline was estimated to be close to or higher than 50,000 ng/g, the limit set by the REACH regulation. Other detected compounds were acridine, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, phthalates, nitrophenols, and organophosphates. Several of the identified compounds have logP and molecular weight values enabling skin uptake. This pilot study indicates which chemicals and compound classes should be prioritized for future quantitative surveys and control of the chemical content in clothing as well as research on skin transfer, skin absorption, and systemic exposure. The results also show that the current control and prevention from chemicals in imported garments on the Swedish market is insufficient.

Medical textiles are subject to particularly harsh disinfection procedures in healthcare settings where exposure risks are high. This work demonstrates a fabric treatment consisting of a reactive silver ink and low surface energy PDMS polymer that provides for superhydrophobicity and antiviral properties against enveloped herpes simplex virus stocks even after extended ultrasonic bleach washing. The antiviral properties of reactive silver ink has not been previously reported or compared with silver nanoparticles. The fabric treatment exhibits high static contact angles and low contact angle hysteresis with water, even after 300 minutes of ultrasonic bleach washing. Similarly, after this bleach washing treatment, the fabric treatment shows reductions of infectious virus quantities by about 2 logs compared to controls for enveloped viruses. The use of silver ink provides for better antiviral efficacy and durability compared to silver nanoparticles due to the use of reactive ionic silver, which demonstrates more conformal coverage of fabric microfibers and better adhesion. This study provides insights for improving the wash durability of antiviral silver fabric treatments and demonstrates a bleach wash durable, repellent antiviral treatment for reusable, functional personal protective equipment applications.

Textile production is estimated to be responsible for about 20% of global clean water pollution from dyeing and finishing products. Textile wastewater discharge is one of the most hazardous pollutants which has a strong possibility to be mixed with freshwater bodies making the clean water unfit for further utilization. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) are the important indicators that describe the pollution level of the water. Pretreatment of textiles using hazardous chemicals boosts the toxicity of water due to the release of chemicals from textile fibrous surfaces into clean drinking water polluting the aquatic environment. This research aimed to develop a correlation between COD and BOD concerning auxiliaries used in the conventional and bio-pretreatment of textiles, so that the wastewater load can be traced back to the pretreatment method applied in upstream procedures. Furthermore, a comparison was established between COD and BOD of conventional and enzymatic processes. At first, the desizing of gray fabric was done, followed by scouring and bleaching. Then, scouring and bleaching were performed by conventional and enzymatic methods to examine their association with the rise in COD and BOD levels of effluent. Results confirmed that auxiliaries used in traditional and bio-pretreatments of textiles are significantly responsible for wastewater load. However, COD and BOD values of effluent obtained after enzymatic pretreatments were substantially less compared to conventional pretreatment methods. Therefore, enzymatic pretreatment application in textile chemical processing will help reduce effluent pollution and promote sustainable practices (SDG 6) with less environmental impact. Graphical Abstract

The chemical recycling of cellulosic fibres may represent a next-generation fibre–fibre recycling system for cotton textiles, though remaining challenges include how to accommodate fibre blends, dyes, wrinkle-free finishes, and other impurities from finishing. These challenges may disrupt the regeneration process steps and reduce the fibre quality. This study examines the impact on regenerated viscose fibre properties of a novel alkaline/acid bleaching sequence to strip reactive dyes and dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneureas (DMDHEU) wrinkle-free finish from cotton textiles. Potentially, such a bleaching sequence could advantageously be integrated into the viscose process, reducing the costs and environmental impact of the product. The study investigates the spinning performance and mechanical properties (e.g., tenacity and elongation) of the regenerated viscose fibres. The alkaline/acid bleaching sequence was found to strip the reactive dye and DMDHEU wrinkle-free finish from the cotton fabric, so the resulting pulp could successfully be spun into viscose fibres, though the mechanical properties of these fibres were worse than those of commercial viscose fibres. This study finds that reactive dyes and DMDHEU wrinkle-free finish affect the viscose dope quality and the regeneration performance. The results might lead to progress in overcoming quality challenges in cellulosic chemical recycling.

After the dyeing process, part of the dyes used to color textile materials are not fixed into the substrate and are discharged into wastewater as residual dyes. In this study, a heterogeneous photocatalytic process combined with microfiltration has been investigated for the removal of C.I. Disperse Red 73 from synthetic textile effluents. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) Aeroxide P25 was selected as photocatalyst. The photocatalytic treatment achieved between 60% and 90% of dye degradation and up to 98% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The influence of different parameters on photocatalytic degradation was studied: pH, initial photocatalyst loading, and dye concentration. The best conditions for dye degradation were pH 4, an initial dye concentration of 50 mg·L−1, and a TiO2 loading of 2 g·L−1. The photocatalytic membrane treatment provided a high quality permeate, which can be reused.

Textiles represent an attractive class of materials for realizing wearable biosensors. Electronic textiles, or smart textiles, describe the convergence of electronics and textiles into fabrics, which are able to sense, compute, communicate, and actuate. As many different electronic systems can be connected to any clothing, a wearable system becomes more versatile, and the user can change its look depending on environmental changes and individual preference. In this review, we want to explain how it is possible to develop the sensing component of a wearable sensor by sol–gel method based on the use of opportune organofunctional trialkoxysilane precursors, such as 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. Results show that the halochromic dyestuffs are completely entrapped in the sol–gel coatings, both through chemical and physical interactions with the textile fabric. Moreover, a certain washing fastness was observed. Sensor films show excellent reproducibility, reversibility, and short response times, with dynamic ranges from pH 4.4–6.0 (Methyl Red), pH 6.0–7.0 (Nitrazine Yellow), and pH 4.5–8.3 (Litmus), respectively. Highlights Functional textile coatings containing embedded dyestuff were synthesized by sol–gel method. 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) is a useful organofunctional trialkoxysilane precursor for the development of wearable sensors. pH sensing films based on GPTMS-dye have been developed and studied.

Dinosaurs were massive and powerful. Yet the lack of adaptability led to their extinction. Evolution of engineering to a great extent started with textiles. However, textile as an academic discipline is still nebulous. There are major flaws in the structure of the curriculum and serious weakness in the pedagogical approaches. Through this article, I argue that textile education in South-Asian countries needs major transformation in terms of principles, content and delivery. With the dynamic environment, we need to make the curriculum relevant and interesting coupled with the creation of teachers who can intellectually entertain the students. If this course correction, along with the augmentation in pay structure and nature of job, does not happen, then the textile education may slowly move towards virtual extinction.

Textiles have been historically and traditionally used to make clothes, but even in ancient times there were technical textiles for making sails, tents, etc. Today, technical textiles are used in various industries for a host of purposes and applications. Recently, there have been exciting developments on various fronts in the textile field to impart novel and innovative functionalities to textiles, e.g., easy-to-clean or dirt-repellent, flame retardancy, anti-bacterial, and fog-harvesting properties, to name a few. Also, textiles for electronics based on graphene, CNTs and other nanomaterials, conductive textiles, textiles for sensor function, textile-fixed catalysts, textiles for batteries and energy storage, textiles as substrates for tissue engineering, and textiles for O/W separation have appeared in the literature. All this has been possible through adopting novel ways for finishing textiles, e.g., by appropriate surface modification techniques, and utilizing biomimetic concepts borrowed from nature.