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The authors define a Banach space $\\mathcal{M}_{1}$ of models for fermions or quantum spins in the lattice with long range interactions and make explicit the structure of (generalised) equilibrium states for any $\\mathfrak{m}\\in \\mathcal{M}_{1}$. In particular, the authors give a first answer to an old open problem in mathematical physics--first addressed by Ginibre in 1968 within a different context - about the validity of the so-called Bogoliubov approximation on the level of states. Depending on the model $\\mathfrak{m}\\in \\mathcal{M}_{1}$, the authors' method provides a systematic way to study all its correlation functions at equilibrium and can thus be used to analyse the physics of long range interactions. Furthermore, the authors show that the thermodynamics of long range models $\\mathfrak{m}\\in \\mathcal{M}_{1}$ is governed by the non-cooperative equilibria of a zero-sum game, called here thermodynamic game.

This text provides a concise introduction to non-equilibrium thermodynamics of open, complex systems using a first-principles approach. In the first chapters, the principles of thermodynamics of complex systems are discussed. The subsequent chapters apply the principles to the dynamics of chemical reactions and complex fluids, growth and development of biological organisms, and the dynamics of social structures and institutes. The final chapter discusses the principles of science as an artificial system.The book is a valuable reference text for researchers interested in thermodynamics and complex systems, and useful supplementary reading for graduate courses on advanced thermodynamics, thermodynamics of non-equilibrium systems and thermodynamics of complex/open systems.

Thermal retardation and dispersion are important processes affecting advective heat transport in sedimentary aquifers, yet little is known how they are influenced by heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity. We investigate the effect of macro‐scale heterogeneity on transient heat transport in a three‐dimensional domain through direct numerical Monte‐Carlo simulations. The model describes the evolution of a heat plume in a heterogeneous aquifer generated by a borehole heat exchanger. We characterize the transport by calculating the dispersion coefficient and effective thermal retardation factor as ensemble average of the heterogeneous realizations. In addition to different degrees of heterogeneity, we examine the influence of the thermal Péclet number on the effective thermal retardation factor. Simulations reveal that for homogeneous hydraulic conductivity, the effective thermal retardation factor equals the predicted, apparent thermal retardation factor. However, in heterogeneous cases, the effective thermal retardation factor is substantially lower than the apparent value at early times, with this effect becoming more pronounced as the Péclet number increases. We attribute the deviation of the effective thermal retardation factor from the apparent value to preferential flow through zones with higher hydraulic conductivity and delayed local heat diffusion into zones with lower hydraulic conductivity. Assuming that the effective thermal retardation factor differs from the apparent value in the presence of local thermal non‐equilibrium (LTNE) effects, we call the observed effect “field‐scale LTNE.” Finally, we derive a formula estimating effective thermal retardation as a function of log‐conductivity variance and the Péclet number. Our results can improve heat tracer techniques in hydraulically heterogeneous environments.

This paper presents the concept and experimental evidence for the nonthermal equilibrium (NTE) process of charge carrier extraction in metal/insulator/organic semiconductor/metal (MIOM) capacitors. These capacitors are structurally similar to metal/insulator/semiconductor/(metal) (MIS) capacitors found in standard semiconductor textbooks. The difference between the two capacitors is that the (organic) semiconductor/metal contacts in the MIOM capacitors are of the Schottky type, whereas the contacts in the MIS capacitors are of the ohmic type. Moreover, the mobilities of most organic semiconductors are significantly lower than those of inorganic semiconductors. As the MIOM structure is identical to the electrode portion of an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) with top-contact and bottom-gate electrodes, the hysteretic behavior of the OFET transfer characteristics can be deduced from the NTE phenomenon observed in MIOM capacitors.

The present work investigates the thermal radiation transport inside porous media under local thermal non-equilibrium conditions. Two different geometrical situations, a two-dimensional channel and a cylindrical geometry, are considered in the analysis. Porous media application is generally associated with high-temperature combustion, and radiative heat transfer is dominant. In this paper, by considering a stream of high-temperature flow in geometries filled with porous medium, the effect of thermal radiation on the solid- and fluid-phase temperature fields is calculated and analyzed. Two radiative heat transfer techniques, the discrete ordinate method (DOM) and the finite volume method (FVM), are tested, and the results are compared with a non-radiative model and with a model-based Rosseland approximation. A sensitivity study for the variation in absorption and scattering coefficients and the effect on the solid- and fluid-phase temperature fields is also undertaken. The effect of the extinction coefficient on the Nusselt number is also examined. The temperatures obtained through the Rosseland model show differences up to + 34% and − 26% compared to temperatures calculated with the DOM or FVM radiation calculation methods. The temperature fields obtained through DOM and FVM are very similar, and some significant differences can only be seen in the cases where a very low number of angular directions are used.

This thoroughly updated version of the German authoritative work on self-organization has been completely rewritten by internationally renowned experts and experienced book authors to also include a review of more recent literature.

Thermodynamic degradation science is a new and exciting discipline. This book merges the science of physics of failure with thermodynamics and shows how degradation modeling is improved and enhanced when using thermodynamic principles. The author also goes beyond the traditional physics of failure methods and highlights the importance of having new tools such as \"Mesoscopic\" noise degradation measurements for prognostics of complex systems, and a conjugate work approach to solving physics of failure problems with accelerated testing applications. Key features: • Demonstrates how the thermodynamics energy approach uncovers key degradation models and their application to accelerated testing. • Demonstrates how thermodynamic degradation models accounts for cumulative stress environments, effect statistical reliability distributions, and are key for reliability test planning. • Provides coverage of the four types of Physics of Failure processes describing aging: Thermal Activation Processes, Forced Aging, Diffusion, and complex combinations of these. • Coverage of numerous key topics including: aging laws; Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Plans; cumulative entropy fatigue damage; reliability statistics and environmental degradation and pollution. Thermodynamic Degradation Science: Physics of Failure, Accelerated Testing, Fatigue and Reliability Applications is essential reading for reliability, cumulative fatigue, and physics of failure engineers as well as students on courses which include thermodynamic engineering and/or physics of failure coverage.

The thermodynamics of strongly interacting matter remains a profound and challenging area of modern physics, both in theory and experiment. This book offers newcomers an introduction to the field that emphasizes basic concepts and ideas.

We review and improve previous work on non-equilibrium classical and quantum statistical systems, subject to potentials, without ab initio dissipation. We treat classical closed three-dimensional many-particle interacting systems without any “heat bath” (h b), evolving through the Liouville equation for the non-equilibrium classical distribution W c, with initial states describing thermal equilibrium at large distances but non-equilibrium at finite distances. We use Boltzmann’s Gaussian classical equilibrium distribution W c , e q, as weight function to generate orthogonal polynomials (H n’s) in momenta. The moments of W c, implied by the H n’s, fulfill a non-equilibrium hierarchy. Under long-term approximations, the lowest moment dominates the evolution towards thermal equilibrium. A non-increasing Liapunov function characterizes the long-term evolution towards equilibrium. Non-equilibrium chemical reactions involving two and three particles in a h b are studied classically and quantum-mechanically (by using Wigner functions W). Difficulties related to the non-positivity of W are bypassed. Equilibrium Wigner functions W e q generate orthogonal polynomials, which yield non-equilibrium moments of W and hierarchies. In regimes typical of chemical reactions (short thermal wavelength and long times), non-equilibrium hierarchies yield approximate Smoluchowski-like equations displaying dissipation and quantum effects. The study of three-particle chemical reactions is new.