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Polyester-based biocomposites
\"Polyester-Based Biocomposites highlights the performance of polyester-based biocomposites reinforced with various natural fibres extracted from leaf, stem, fruit bunch, grass, wood material. It also addresses the characteristics of polyester-based biocomposites reinforced with rice husk fillers and various nanoparticles\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Effects of the Pre-Consolidated Materials Manufacturing Method on the Mechanical Properties of Pultruded Thermoplastic Composites
The choice of a manufacturing process, raw materials, and process parameters affects the quality of produced pre-consolidated tapes used in thermoplastic pultrusion. In this study, we used two types of pre-consolidated GF/PP tapes—commercially available (ApATeCh-Tape Company, Moscow, Russia) and inhouse-made tapes produced from commingled yarns (Jushi Holdings Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA)—to produce pultruded thermoplastic Ø 6 mm bars and 75 mm × 3.5 mm flat laminates. Flat laminates produced from inhouse-made pre-consolidated tapes demonstrated higher flexural, tensile, and apparent interlaminar shear strength compared to laminates produced from commercial pre-consolidated tapes by as much as 106%, 6.4%, and 27.6%, respectively. Differences in pre-consolidated tape manufacturing methods determine the differences in glass fiber impregnation and, thus, differences in the mechanical properties of corresponding pultruded composites. The use of commingled yarns (consisting of matrix and glass fibers properly intermingled over the whole length of prepreg material) makes it possible to achieve a more uniform impregnation of inhouse-made pre-consolidated tapes and to prevent formation of un-impregnated regions and matrix cracks within the center portion of the fiber bundles, which were observed in the case of commercial pre-consolidated tapes. The proposed method of producing pre-consolidated tapes made it possible to obtain pultruded composite laminates with larger cross sections than their counterparts described in the literature, featuring better mechanical properties compared to those produced from commercial pre-consolidated tapes.
Journal Article
Advances in mechanical and physicochemical performances of recycled carbon fiber reinforced PEKK composites
In recent years, waste storage and recycling have been important issues. All efforts shown in these fields aim to help resolve concerns related to climate change. In this study, recycled CF/PEKK thermoplastic composite materials were reviewed to reduce the environmental impact of materials during the production phase as well as economic costs and ensure product continuity. Comparisons between unprocessed or virgin material and recycled materials were performed by bending and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) analyses. In addition to mechanical tests, physicochemical tests such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and fiber void ratio (FVC)-porosity tests were conducted. Images of the samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to interpret changes in the structure before and after the recycling. According to the experimental results, it was found that the virgin thermoplastic composite showed 68.05% higher flexural strength and 7.85% higher flexural modulus compared to the recycled thermoplastic composites. The average ILSSs were measured as 81.8 MPa and 64.7 MPa for the virgin and the recycled thermoplastic composites, respectively. Hence, it is obvious that the recycled composites could be used for applications that require less strength and durability. Finally, it was concluded that recyclable materials can be reused in the aero structures.
Journal Article
Effects of Coupling Agent and Thermoplastic on the Interfacial Bond Strength and the Mechanical Properties of Oriented Wood Strand–Thermoplastic Composites
Wood–plastic composites (WPC) with good mechanical and physical properties are desirable products for manufacturers and customers, and interfacial bond strength is one of the most critical factors affecting WPC performance. To verify that a higher interfacial bond strength between wood and thermoplastics improves WPC performance, wood veneer–thermoplastic composites (VPC) and oriented strand–thermoplastic composites (OSPC) were fabricated using hot pressing. The effects of the coupling agent (KH550 or MDI) and the thermoplastic (LDPE, HDPE, PP, or PVC) on the interfacial bond strength of VPC, and the mechanical and physical properties of OSPC, were investigated. The results showed that coupling agents KH550 and MDI improved the interfacial bond strength between wood and thermoplastics under dry conditions. MDI was better than KH550 at improving the interfacial bond strength and the mechanical properties of OSPC. Better interfacial bonding between plastic and wood improved the OSPC performance. The OSPC fabricated using PVC film as the thermoplastic and MDI as the coupling agent displayed the highest mechanical properties, with a modulus of rupture of 91.9 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of 10.9 GPa, and a thickness swelling of 2.4%. PVC and MDI are recommended to fabricate WPCs with desirable performance for general applications.
Journal Article
Pultrusion of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene bidirectional composites and their mechanical performance
Despite the advantages of thermoplastic resin, pultrusion process has struggled to create bidirectional laminates, resulting in weaknesses in joint connections and transverse properties. To tackle this issue, the study focuses on developing a methodology for pultruding bidirectional laminates. Initially, two types of sheet thermoplastic prepreg of glass fiber and polypropylene were produced: one with transverse (90°) orientation of fibers and another with longitudinal (0°) orientation of fibers. These sheets are then integrated into a single pack where fibers are oriented both transversely and longitudinally, and fed into the pultrusion machine. The resulting strip profiles (75 × 3.5 mm) demonstrate threefold increase in pin-bearing strength and transverse properties, showing a considerable promise for applications that demand robust joint connections and dimensional stability. The addition of transversely reinforced plies makes it possible for the pultruded profile to meet the EN 13706-3 requirements to mechanical performance. The bidirectional thermoplastic profiles produced in this study demonstrated high mechanical properties and are suitable for use in composite structures with bolted joints.
Journal Article
Advances in joining technology of carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite materials and aluminum alloys
In order to discuss the problems involved in the joining of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite materials with aluminum alloys that is required for the production of several parts in aerospace, automotive, and other engineering applications, a comprehensive review of the research status of this dissimilar joint alloys both in China and abroad is made. The overview mainly includes adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, welding, and new joining techniques, as well as residual stress and corrosion performance of the joints. The current problems, development prospects, and future research direction of different joining technologies used in this field have been discussed. It is believed that the numerical simulation combined with the welding test can be used to further study the joining process of friction stir welding between carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite materials and aluminum alloys and the hybrid joining method of friction stir welding and adhesion.
Journal Article
Processing and Mechanical Properties of Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Basalt fibre is derived from volcanic rocks and has similar mechanical properties as glass fibre. However, poor fibre-matrix compatibility and processing issues are the main factors that have restricted the mechanical performance of basalt fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites (BFRTP). In this work, basalt continuous fibre composites with polypropylene (PP) and polycarbonate (PC) matrices were studied. The composites were processed by compression moulding, and a processing study was conducted to achieve good quality composites. For the BF-PC composites, the optimisation of material preparation and processing steps allowed the polymer to impregnate the fibres with minimal fibre movements, hence improving impregnation and mechanical properties. For BF-PP composites, a compatibiliser was required to improve fibre-matrix compatibility. The compatibiliser significantly improved the tensile and impact strength values for short BF-PP composites and continued to increase at 40 wt%. Furthermore, the analytical modelling of the Young’s moduli indicated that the induced fibre orientation during processing for short BF-PP composites and unidirectional (UD) BF-PC composites had better stress transfer than that of UD BF-PP composites.
Journal Article
Evolution of Manufacturing Defects of 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Composites with Processing Parameters: A Micro-CT Analysis
Owing to the melting and healing properties of thermoplastic resin, additive manufacturing or 3D printing is considered one of the most promising technologies for fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. However, manufacturing defects are still the main concern, which significantly limits the application of 3D-printed composite structures. To gain an insight into the effects of different processing parameters on the typical manufacturing defects, a micro-scale analysis was carried out via Micro-CT technology on the 3D-printed continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composite specimens. The bias distribution of the fiber in the deposited filament was found. Moreover, when the feed rate of the filament was reduced from 100% to 50%, the a/b value was closer to 3.33, but the porosity increased from 7.077% to 25.352%. When the layer thickness was 0.2 mm, the increased nozzle pressure reduced the porosity but also increased the risk of fiber bundle breakage. The research provides an effective approach for analyzing the micro-structure of 3D printed composite structures and thus offers guidance for the processing control.
Journal Article
Additive manufacturing and mechanical performance of short fiber reinforced PEEK (polyether ether ketone) thermoplastic composites in a vacuum environment
Short fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (SFRTC) have gained popularity in the material extrusion (MEX) method, which is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology, allowing for the simpler and more cost-effective production of polymer composites. However, parts produced using MEX 3D printing technology often exhibit poor mechanical properties and surface quality compared to products manufactured using injection molding, which is one of the main disadvantages of this method. Various methods are used to overcome these challenges, such as production in a vacuum environment, heat-based processes, ultrasonic vibrations, and others. The objective of this study was to achieve parts with lower porosity and improved mechanical properties when printed in a vacuum environment compared to an atmospheric environment. Additionally, an investigation into the optimization of printing parameters was conducted to determine the parameters that yield the highest mechanical properties. For this purpose, SFRTC parts were printed at different vacuum levels (0.5, 10, 100 mbar), and they were subjected to flexural tests to determine their mechanical properties. The results showed that the flexural stress and elastic modulus of the samples produced in a 0.5 mbar vacuum environment increased by 79.75% and 39.41%, respectively, compared to samples produced in an atmospheric environment. Furthermore, the cross-sectional images of the samples were examined using an optical microscope, revealing the lowest porosity in the samples printed in 0.5 mbar vacuum environment.
Journal Article
Different Production Processes for Thermoplastic Composite Materials: Sustainability versus Mechanical Properties and Processes Parameter
Up to now, fiber-reinforced composites with thermoplastic matrix have seen limited fields of use in the structural scope due to their high viscosity in the molten state, which results in poor impregnability of the reinforcement, leading to mechanical properties of the finished product that are not comparable to those of thermosets. Although the latter still dominate the various sectors of automotive, aerospace, transportation and construction, new applications involving the production of thermoplastic composites are growing rapidly, offering new approaches to the solution of this problem. The aim of this work is to study and evaluate the state of the art on the manufacturing processes of thermoplastic matrix composite, analyzing the parameters that come into play and that most influence the process and material performance. The advantages of film stacking and powder impregnation techniques are contrasted by the versatility of hybrid fabrics and, at the same time, parameters such as pressure and temperature must be carefully considered. A description of different thermoplastic composite processes such as powder impregnation, film stacking molding, hybrid woven fabric, hybrid yarn and products follows, which represent the current possibilities to move from a thermosetting matrix composite to a thermoplastic one, upon which the concept of sustainability is based. This article wants to present an overview of research that has been done in manufacturing thermoplastic reinforced composites and will serve as a baseline and aid for further research and development efforts.
Journal Article