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"Three dimensional analysis"
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Isosurfaces : geometry, topology, and algorithms
\"Ever since Lorensen and Cline published their paper on the marching cubes algorithm, isosurfaces have been a standard technique for the visualization of 3D volumetric data. Yet there is no book exclusively devoted to isosurfaces. This book presents the basic algorithms for isosurface construction and gives a rigorous mathematical perspective to some of the algorithms and results. It offers a solid introduction to research in this area as well as an organized overview of the various algorithms associated with isosurfaces\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Ferrite Grains Recrystallized in Low-Carbon Steel during Annealing
We performed a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of ferrite grains recrystallized in low-carbon steel during annealing. Cold-rolled specimens were heated to 723 K and held for various periods. The 3D morphology of ferrite grains recrystallized during the annealing process was investigated. The progress of recovery in low-carbon steel was more inhibited than that in pure iron. However, ferrite recrystallization in low-carbon steel was more rapid than that in pure iron. The Avrami exponent was inconsistent with the 3D morphology of the recrystallized ferrite grains in pure iron but consistent with that of the grains in low-carbon steel. Thus, the Avrami exponent depends on the recovery and recrystallization behaviors. Furthermore, the recrystallized ferrite grain growth was virtually 2D. Three types of recrystallized ferrite grains were observed: recrystallized ferrite grains elongated along the transverse or rolling direction; plate-shaped recrystallized ferrite grains grown in the transverse and rolling directions; fine and equiaxed recrystallized ferrite grains. These results suggest that the recrystallized ferrite grains did not grow in the normal direction. Thus, we concluded that the 3D morphology of recrystallized ferrite grains depends on the kinetics of recrystallization and the initial microstructure before recrystallization.
Journal Article
Three-dimensional analysis of the characteristics of joint motion and gait pattern in a rodent model following spinal nerve ligation
Background
The spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rat is well known as the most common rodent model of neuropathic pain without motor deficit. Researchers have performed analyses using only the von Frey and thermal withdrawal tests to evaluate pain intensity in the rat experimental model. However, these test are completely different from the neurological examinations performed clinically. We think that several behavioral reactions must be observed following SNL because the patients with neuropathic pain usually have impaired coordination of the motions of the right–left limbs and right–left joint motion differences. In this study, we attempted to clarify the pain behavioral reactions in SNL rat model as in patients. We used the Kinema-Tracer system for 3D kinematics gait analysis to identify new characteristic parameters of each joint movement and gait pattern.
Results
The effect of SNL on mechanical allodynia was a 47 ± 6.1% decrease in the withdrawal threshold during 1–8 weeks post-operation. Sagittal trajectories of the hip, knee and ankle markers in SNL rats showed a large sagittal fluctuation of each joint while walking. Top minus bottom height of the left hip and knee that represents instability during walking was significantly larger in the SNL than sham rats. Both-foot contact time, which is one of the gait characteristics, was significantly longer in the SNL versus sham rats: 1.9 ± 0.15 s vs. 1.03 ± 0.15 s at 4 weeks post-operation (
p
= 0.003). We also examined the circular phase time to evaluate coordination of the right and left hind-limbs. The ratio of the right/left circular time was 1.0 ± 0.08 in the sham rats and 0.62 ± 0.15 in the SNL rats at 4 weeks post-operation.
Conclusions
We revealed new quantitative parameters in an SNL rat model that are directly relevant to the neurological symptoms in patients with neuropathic pain, in whom the von Frey and thermal withdrawal tests are not used at all clinically. This new 3D analysis system can contribute to the analysis of pain intensity of SNL rats in detail similar to human patients’ reactions following neuropathic pain.
Journal Article
The influence of economic policy uncertainty on PIIGS tourism: Evidence from three-dimensional wavelet analyses
This paper aims to examine the relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and tourism activities in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain (PIIGS) using wavelet transform context structures. The results indicate that the relationships among the variables evolve through time and frequencies. From the time-domain view, we show strong evidence of the relationships between these variables. From the frequency-domain view, we uncover significant wavelet coherences and strong lead-lag interrelationships changes over time, displaying low to high frequency cycles over the whole sample period.
Journal Article
Three-dimensional analysis on natural convection inside a T-shaped cavity with water-based CNT–aluminum oxide hybrid nanofluid
Three-dimensional numerical simulation on natural convection inside the T-shaped cavity, filled with water-based hybrid nanofluid of CNT–aluminum oxide is performed by vorticity–vector potential formalism. The variables considered are size of enclosure (0.1 < L < 0.9), volumetric percentage of nanoparticles (0 < φ < 4%), fraction of CNT composites (0 < fr < 1), and Rayleigh number (103 < Ra < 106). The heat transfer is increased with the increase in size, volumetric percentage of nanoparticles, fraction of CNT composites, and Rayleigh number.
Journal Article
Development of Three-Dimensional Soil-Amplification Analysis Method for Screening for Seismic Damage to Buried Water-Distribution Pipeline Networks
A soil-amplification analysis method is developed that uses high-resolution ground data and a three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic finite-element method to screen for possible areas of seismic damage to buried water-distribution pipeline networks. The method is applied to a cut-and-fill developed area in Japan, whose water-distribution pipeline network was severely damaged in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake. The obtained soil amplification is compared with known points of pipeline damage to check the validity of the analysis. A sensitivity test is also conducted to account for uncertainties in the properties of the ground material. From the results, it is expected that the developed soil-amplification method could be used to screen for possible damage to buried pipelines in a given area, and used to support methods for estimating damage to buried pipelines based on observations and seismic indices.
Journal Article
3-D magneto-electro-thermal analysis of layered nanoplate including porous core nanoplate and piezomagnetic face-sheets
In the present article, three-dimensional size dependent thermal analysis of three-layered nanoplate with porous graded core and two piezomagnetic face-sheets is studied based on nonlocal strain gradient theory considering thickness stretching effect. The sandwich nanoplate standing on an elastic foundation and face layers are exposed to electric/magnetic potentials. Porosity is evenly and unevenly repartitioned thorough thickness of the core. To predict both reduction and enhancement of stiffness in small scales, a nonlocal parameter and a strain gradient parameter is used for analysis. The governing equations are derived using the principle of virtual works based on sinusoidal shear and normal deformation theory. The small size effect is obtained exploiting Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory. The influences of the porosity coefficient, temperature parameters, electric/magnetic potential, boundary conditions (simply supported and clamped) and parameters of foundation on bending, electrical, and magnetic behaviors of the sandwich nanoplate are presented and discussed.
Journal Article
Shoulder joint movement during reaching to the contralateral and ipsilateral lumbar back
In activities of daily living, hand-behind-back (HBB) motion often requires reaching not only to the spinal column but also to the contralateral or ipsilateral lumbar back. However, the specific shoulder joint kinematics involved in HBB motion toward these directions remain unclear. This study aimed to understand the shoulder joint motions that occur during HBB motion when reaching the contralateral or ipsilateral side. The participants were 18 healthy men (age, 29.8 ± 6.8 years). The measurement task comprised three types of HBB motions: placing the thumb at the first lumbar vertebra and placing the thumb on the contralateral and ipsilateral lumbar back. Shoulder joint extension, abduction, internal rotation angles were investigated using a three-dimensional motion analyzer. For the reaching to the contralateral lumbar back in this study, shoulder abduction was 17.7° ± 7.1° and shoulder extension was 28.8° ± 6.6°, internal rotation was 34.8° ± 10.5°; to reach the ipsilateral lumbar back, shoulder abduction was 43.0° ± 8.9° and shoulder extension was 37.3° ± 6.1°, internal rotation was 30.4° ± 9.0°. The contralateral reach showed greater internal rotation of the shoulder joint and lesser shoulder joint extension and abduction than the ipsilateral reach. The contralateral reach showed a significant negative correlation with shoulder joint internal rotation and extension. In the HBB motion, the shoulder joint movements differ when reaching the contralateral and ipsilateral lumbar back. As the HBB motion may involve reaching the contralateral or ipsilateral side, the movements of the shoulder joint should be evaluated in relation to daily activities.
Journal Article
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Interstitial Cells in the Smooth Muscle Layer of Murine Vas Deferens Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and FIB/SEM
The smooth muscle contraction of the vas deferens has the important function of transporting sperm. Interstitial cells (ICs) play a critical role in the pacing and modulation of various smooth muscle organs by interactions with nerves and smooth muscle. Elucidating the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of ICs is important for understanding their spatial relationship on the mesoscale between ICs, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and nerves. In this study, the 3D ultrastructure of ICs in the smooth muscle layer of murine vas deferens and the spatial relationships between ICs, nerves, and smooth muscles were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy. ICs have sheet-like structures as demonstrated by 3D observation using modern analytical techniques. Sheet-like ICs have two types of 3D structures, one flattened and the other curled. Multiple extracellular vesicle (EV)-like structures were frequently observed in ICs. Various spatial relations were observed in areas between ICs, nerves, and SMCs, which formed a complex 3D network with each other. These results suggest that ICs in the smooth muscle layer of murine vas deferens may have two subtypes with different sheet-like structures and may be involved in neuromuscular signal transmission via physical interaction and EVs.
Journal Article
Scapular motion during shoulder joint extension movement
A few reports on scapular motion during shoulder joint extension exist. Understanding the normal motion of shoulder joint extension may be useful in evaluating and treating patients with diminished or minimal shoulder joint extension. Therefore, this study aimed to identify scapular motion during shoulder joint extension movement in a sitting position. Shoulder joint extension movement in the sitting position were measured in 22 healthy adults (age, 25.8 ± 2.7 years). Shoulder joint extension, scapular upward rotation, anterior tilt, external rotation angles, and the acromion position were investigated using a three-dimensional motion analyzer. The difference from each value of 10° to 50° shoulder joint extension to each value of 0° shoulder joint extension were checked. The results were compared using multiple comparison method. In most participants, the scapula tilted posteriorly up to 30° of the shoulder joint extension and anteriorly after 30°. Scapular upward and external rotation continued to increase with shoulder extension. Furthermore, the acromion was displaced upward and backward. Thus, scapular posterior tilt is necessary for shoulder joint extension during the initial movement, followed by anterior tilt. The acromion may have been displaced posteriorly because of clavicular retraction, causing the scapula to tilt posteriorly. After 30° of shoulder joint extension, the scapular anterior tilt may have prevailed over the scapular posterior tilt.
Journal Article