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A 20-Year Climatology of Nocturnal Convection Initiation over the Central and Southern Great Plains during the Warm Season
A nocturnal maximum in rainfall and thunderstorm activity over the central Great Plains has been widely documented, but the mechanisms for the development of thunderstorms over that region at night are still not well understood. Elevated convection above a surface frontal boundary is one explanation, but this study shows that many thunderstorms form at night without the presence of an elevated frontal inversion or nearby surface boundary. This study documents convection initiation (CI) events at night over the central Great Plains from 1996 to 2015 during the months of April–July. Storm characteristics such as storm type, linear system orientation, initiation time and location, and others were documented. Once all of the cases were documented, surface data were examined to locate any nearby surface boundaries. The event’s initiation location relative to these boundaries (if a boundary existed) was documented. Two main initiation locations relative to a surface boundary were identified: on a surface boundary and on the cold side of a surface boundary; CI events also occur without any nearby surface boundary. There are many differences among the different nocturnal CI modes. For example, there appear to be two main peaks of initiation time at night: one early at night and one later at night. The later peak is likely due to the events that form without a nearby surface boundary. Finally, a case study of three nocturnal CI events that occurred during the Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) field project when there was no nearby surface boundary is discussed.
Journal Article
Severe Convective Storms across Europe and the United States. Part II
In this study we investigate convective environments and their corresponding climatological features over Europe and the United States. For this purpose, National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and Arrival Time Difference long-range lightning detection network (ATDnet) data, ERA5 hybrid-sigma levels, and severe weather reports from the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD) and Storm Prediction Center (SPC) Storm Data were combined on a common grid of 0.25° and 1-h steps over the period 1979–2018. The severity of convective hazards increases with increasing instability and wind shear (WMAXSHEAR), but climatological aspects of these features differ over both domains. Environments over the United States are characterized by higher moisture, CAPE, CIN, wind shear, and midtropospheric lapse rates. Conversely, 0–3-km CAPE and low-level lapse rates are higher over Europe. From the climatological perspective severe thunderstorm environments (hours) are around 3–4 times more frequent over the United States with peaks across the Great Plains, Midwest, and Southeast. Over Europe severe environments are the most common over the south with local maxima in northern Italy. Despite having lower CAPE (tail distribution of 3000–4000 J kg−1 compared to 6000–8000 J kg−1 over the United States), thunderstorms over Europe have a higher probability for convective initiation given a favorable environment. Conversely, the lowest probability for initiation is observed over the Great Plains, but, once a thunderstorm develops, the probability that it will become severe is much higher compared to Europe. Prime conditions for severe thunderstorms over the United States are between April and June, typically from 1200 to 2200 central standard time (CST), while across Europe favorable environments are observed from June to August, usually between 1400 and 2100 UTC.
Journal Article
What are thunderstorms?
\"Thunder booms through the sky. Lightning flashes through the clouds. A thunderstorm is here. Find out the safest place to be and what to do as you wait out the storm\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Energetic Compact Strokes as the Major Source of Downward Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes in Winter Thunderstorms
Terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) are short bursts of intense gamma radiation associated with lightning discharges. Although thousands of TGFs have been observed from space, TGFs detected at ground level, known as downward TGFs, are still very limited, and their relationship with lightning discharge processes remains elusive. Here we report a special type of strong negative lightning stroke, termed energetic compact stroke (ECS), in winter thunderstorms in Japan, and provide strong evidence that ECSs are consistently associated with downward TGFs. Based on this relationship, we successfully identified three new downward TGFs by the observations of ECSs. Further, 12 out of 19 (63%) of downward TGFs analyzed in this paper were associated with ECSs, indicating that ECSs are the major source of downward TGFs in winter thunderstorms in Japan. These findings open up the possibility of remotely monitoring a large fraction of downward TGFs with simple lightning observations.
Journal Article
Thunderstorms
\"Introduces thunderstorms, describing how they are formed, what causes lightning, and how to stay safe during a storm\"--Google.com.
Book
La caída del Muro de Berlín. El final de la Guerra Fría y el auge de un nuevo mundo
Martín de La Guardia, Ricardo, La caída del Muro de Berlín, El final de la Guerra Fría y el auge de un nuevo mundo, Madrid, La Esfera de los libros, 2019, 327p, ISBN: 978-84-916-4486-6, 19,90€. Ш Introducción, El Muro de Berlín, emblema de una Alemania dividida, 1, La República Democrática Alemana: un espejismo en la Europa sovietizada, 2, La República Federal de Alemania en los años setenta y ochenta, 3, Dos caídas estrepitosas: el Telón de Acero y Honecker, 4, Una fecha para recordar, 5, La RFA y la quiebra de la RDA, 6, Las elecciones de marzo a la Volkskammer. 7, La RDA tras las elecciones del 18 de marzo, 8, Europa y el mundo ante la unidad alemana, 9, Alemania recupera la unidad, 10, Las consecuencias inmediatas de la reunificación, 11, Europa después del Muro, Conclusiones. Los capítulos dedicados al interior de la RDA y a sus relaciones con sus regímenes hermanos tratan el primer espejismo con detalle y con sobriedad en el juicio, pero sin que pueda ni quiera evitar la conclusión que se desprende de la historia de aquella República: se asentaba sobre una falsificación permanente de los hechos y sobre la construcción de una interpretación voluntarista y mendaz, perpetuada por un aparato tan bien engrasado como gris y cruel. Deja al lector la tarea de comparar lo que se le va presentando con lo que acontecía en otros lugares, especialmente en Polonia, que tanta trascendencia tuvo para lo que terminó por acontecer en la RDA. Cuando los ciudadanos germano orientales dieron esos pasos y volvieron la vista desde el otro lado, el espejismo se deshizo, lo mismo que les había ocurrido a los políticos de la RDA cuando miraron la situación de su República fuera de los estrechos moldes de la ideología.
Journal Article
A party for clouds : thunderstorms
\"Bel and her cousin, Dylan, explore the topic of thunderstorms, learning about thunder, lightning, and how they are formed\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Convective Modes for Significant Severe Thunderstorms in the Contiguous United States. Part II: Supercell and QLCS Tornado Environments
A sample of 22 901 tornado and significant severe thunderstorm events, filtered on an hourly 40-km grid, was collected for the period 2003–11 across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Convective mode was assigned to each case via manual examination of full volumetric radar data (Part I of this study), and environmental information accompanied each grid-hour event from the hourly objective analyses calculated and archived at the Storm Prediction Center (SPC). Sounding-derived parameters related to supercells and tornadoes formed the basis of this investigation owing to the dominance of right-moving supercells in tornado production and the availability of supercell-related convective parameters in the SPC environmental archive. The tornado and significant severe thunderstorm events were stratified by convective mode and season. Measures of buoyancy discriminated most strongly between supercell and quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) tornado events during the winter, while bulk wind differences and storm-relative helicity were similar for both supercell and QLCS tornado environments within in each season. The larger values of the effective-layer supercell composite parameter (SCP) and the effective-layer significant tornado parameter (STP) favored right-moving supercells that produced significant tornadoes, as opposed to weak tornadoes or supercells that produced only significant hail or damaging winds. Additionally, mesocyclone strength tended to increase with increasing SCP for supercells, and STP tended to increase as tornado damage class ratings increased. The findings underscore the importance of convective mode (discrete or cluster supercells), mesocyclone strength, and near-storm environment (as represented by large values of STP) in consistent, real-time identification of intense tornadoes.
Journal Article