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Ticks
Ticks are tiny parasites, but they can cause big problems. Readers discover important information about ticks, including what they look like, how they affect their hosts, and how to stay safe from these dangerous bugs.
Book
Effectiveness of Residential Acaricides to Prevent Lyme and Other Tick-borne Diseases in Humans
Background. In the northeastern United States, tick-borne diseases are a major public health concern. In controlled studies, a single springtime application of acaricide has been shown to kill 68%-100% of ticks. Although public health authorities recommend use of acaricides to control tick populations in yards, the effectiveness of these pesticides to prevent tick bites or human tick-borne diseases is unknown. Methods. We conducted a 2-year, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial among 2727 households in 3 northeastern states. Households received a single springtime barrier application of bifenthrin or water according to recommended practices. Tick drags were conducted 3-4 weeks after treatment on 10% of properties. Information on human-tick encounters and tick-borne diseases was collected through monthly surveys; reports of illness were validated by medical record review. Results. Although the abundance of questing ticks was significantly lower (63%) on acaricide-treated properties, there was no difference between treatment groups in human-tick encounters, self-reported tick-borne diseases, or medical-record-validated tickborne diseases. Conclusions. Used as recommended, acaricide barrier sprays do not significantly reduce the household risk of tick exposure or incidence of tick-borne disease. Measures for preventing tick-borne diseases should be evaluated against human outcomes to confirm effectiveness.
Journal Article
Ticks
\"Developed by literacy experts for students in kindergarten through grade three, this book introduces ticks to young readers through leveled text and related photos\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China
Understanding ecological niches of major tick species and prevalent tick-borne pathogens is crucial for efficient surveillance and control of tick-borne diseases. Here we provide an up-to-date review on the spatial distributions of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. We map at the county level 124 tick species, 103 tick-borne agents, and human cases infected with 29 species (subspecies) of tick-borne pathogens that were reported in China during 1950−2018.
Haemaphysalis longicornis
is found to harbor the highest variety of tick-borne agents, followed by
Ixodes persulcatus
,
Dermacentor nutalli
and
Rhipicephalus microplus
. Using a machine learning algorithm, we assess ecoclimatic and socioenvironmental drivers for the distributions of 19 predominant vector ticks and two tick-borne pathogens associated with the highest disease burden. The model-predicted suitable habitats for the 19 tick species are 14‒476% larger in size than the geographic areas where these species were detected, indicating severe under-detection. Tick species harboring pathogens of imminent threats to public health should be prioritized for more active field surveillance.
Ticks are an important vector of disease in China, posing threats to humans, livestock and wild animals. Here, Zhao et al. compile a database of the distributions of the 124 tick species known in China and 103 tick-borne pathogens and predict the additional suitable habitats for the predominant vector species.
Journal Article
Bloodsucking fleas and ticks
Ticks have been long known to transmit Lyme disease. However, there are more than 800 species of tick and only two of these carry disease to humans at all! That doesn't stop tick bites from being a great annoyance, especially considering they're caused by a tick sucking your blood! Often grouped with another real-life vampire, the flea, ticks use this blood to complete their life cycle while fleas use it for food. Contains facts about the life cycle, habitat, and feeding habits of these bugs.
Book
Migratory birds as disseminators of ticks and the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: a seasonal study at Ottenby Bird Observatory in South-eastern Sweden
Background
Birds can act as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens and can also disperse pathogen-containing ticks to both nearby and remote localities. The aims of this study were to estimate tick infestation patterns on migratory birds and the prevalence of different
Borrelia
species and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in ticks removed from birds in south-eastern Sweden.
Methods
Ticks were collected from resident and migratory birds captured at the Ottenby Bird Observatory, Öland, Sweden, from March to November 2009. Ticks were molecularly identified to species, and morphologically to developmental stage, and the presence of
Borrelia
bacteria and TBEV was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.
Results
A total of 1339 ticks in the genera
Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma
, and
Ixodes
was recorded of which
I. ricinus
was the most abundant species. Important tick hosts were the European robin (
Erithacus rubecula
), Blackbird (
Turdus merula
), Tree pipit (
Anthus trivialis
), Eurasian wren (
Troglodytes troglodytes
)
,
Common redstart (
Phoenicurus phoenicurus
)
,
Willow warbler (
Phylloscopus trochilus
), and Common whitethroat (
Sylvia communis
).
Borrelia
bacteria were detected in 25% (285/1,124) of the detached ticks available for analysis. Seven
Borrelia
species (
B. afzelii
,
B. burgdorferi
(
s.s.
),
B. garinii
,
B. lusitaniae
,
B. turdi, B. valaisiana
, and
B. miyamotoi
) were identified.
B. turdi
was recorded for the first time in ticks in Sweden. The number of
Borrelia
cells per tick ranged from 2.0 × 10
0
to 7.0 × 10
5
.
B. miyamotoi
-containing ticks contained a significantly higher median number of
Borrelia
cells than
B. burgdorferi
(
s.l.
)-containing ticks.
B. garinii
and
B. miyamotoi
were the most prevalent
Borrelia
species in tick larvae. Larvae of
I. ricinus
with
B. garinii
were removed from seven bird species, particularly
S. communis
and
A. trivialis
, which may suggest that the larvae had contracted the
Borrelia
bacteria from or via these birds. Also, a high percentage of tick larvae containing
B. miyamotoi
was removed from
E. rubecula.
All ticks were negative for TBEV.
Conclusions
The results corroborate the view that the contributions of birds to human disease are substantial, particularly as blood hosts for ticks and for their short-, medium-, and long-distance dispersal. Moreover, several ground-foraging bird species appear to be important for the maintenance and dispersal of
Borrelia
species. The absence of TBEV in the ticks conforms to other similar studies.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Problem of ticks and tick-borne diseases in India with special emphasis on progress in tick control research: A review
Ticks, as vectors of several zoonotic diseases, are ranked second only to mosquitoes as vectors. The diseases spread by ticks are a major constraint to animal productivity while causing morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. A number of tick species have been recognised since long as vectors of lethal pathogens, viz. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), Babesia spp, Theileria, Rickettsia conorii, Anaplasma marginale, etc. and the damages caused by them are well-recognised. There is a need to reassess the renewed threat posed by the tick vectors and to prioritize the tick control research programme. This review is focused on the major tick-borne human and animal diseases in India and the progress in vector control research with emphasis on acaricide resistance, tick vaccine and the development of potential phytoacaricides as an integral part of integrated tick control programme.
Journal Article
The case of the infected tick
\"Learn about diseases and their symptoms such as Lyme disease, HIV, and Malaria among others\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Serological Survey of Students from University of Liège
Background: Zoonotic risks in exposed students are poorly documented in Belgium. According to the literature, even though human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) infection risk has increased significantly in southern Belgium, no previous human serological survey has demonstrated specific antibodies directed at TBE virus. Methods and principal findings: The aim of this paper was to perform a representative serological survey on sera involving students at the University of Liege, in the southern part of Belgium, to discover possible exposure to TBEV. A total of 207 sera samples were randomly chosen and analyzed using ELISA IgM (with 1 positive student out of 207) and ELISA IgG (with 10 positive students out of 207), subsequent serial immunofluorescence antibody testing (IFAT) IgG (with 8 positive students out of 10 positive in ELISA IgG) and serial IFAT IgM (with 1 negative student out of 1 positive in ELISA IgM), and confirmatory tests, i.e., 50% and 90% plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) (1 strongly positive student out of 8 positive in IFAT). Conclusions and significance: The exposure of students from the southern part of Belgium (area with increasing risk) to TBEV was assessed for the first time. Antibodies against TBEV could only be demonstrated in 1 out of 207 students. This finding contributes to better decision-making in public health and prevention and management of tick-borne diseases in the context of climate change. Awareness among all students should be prioritized, with prevention measures against tick bites, particularly during forest and recreational activities contributing to risk, to maintain the current low seroprevalence levels.
Journal Article