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Ticks
Ticks are tiny parasites, but they can cause big problems. Readers discover important information about ticks, including what they look like, how they affect their hosts, and how to stay safe from these dangerous bugs.
Book
Expert Elicitation on Exposure to Tick Bites and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Risk in Occupational and Recreational Forest Activities
Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is transmitted to humans via tick bites and occasionally via the consumption of unpasteurized milk products. According to the literature, the most important driver of TBE emergence and increase in incidence in humans is changes in human behaviour/activities. Method and principal findings: To compensate for the lack of data, expert opinions were gathered to identify the risk factors for exposure to tick bites linked to twenty-eight human activities (professional or recreational) in forests and to target prevention messages at the populations most at risk. Opinions were elicited from a total of twenty-five European experts. Seven criteria were included in the analysis for each activity: frequency, seasonality, duration of exposure, distance covered, degree of contact with vegetation, speed and average level of protection against tick bites. The activities considered to be the most at risk of exposure to tick bites are, in descending order: three occupational activities (forest monitoring activities, forestry and wood industry activities and scientific and/or analytical activities), five recreational activities and one hunting activity (mushroom picking, spending the night in the forest, hunting, naturalist activities, orienteering, and berry or fruit picking). Conclusions and significance: Prevention messages regarding tick bites could be targeted at people who engage in activities considered in this analysis to be at highest risk of exposure to tick bites.
Journal Article
Ticks
\"Developed by literacy experts for students in kindergarten through grade three, this book introduces ticks to young readers through leveled text and related photos\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Effectiveness of Residential Acaricides to Prevent Lyme and Other Tick-borne Diseases in Humans
Background. In the northeastern United States, tick-borne diseases are a major public health concern. In controlled studies, a single springtime application of acaricide has been shown to kill 68%-100% of ticks. Although public health authorities recommend use of acaricides to control tick populations in yards, the effectiveness of these pesticides to prevent tick bites or human tick-borne diseases is unknown. Methods. We conducted a 2-year, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial among 2727 households in 3 northeastern states. Households received a single springtime barrier application of bifenthrin or water according to recommended practices. Tick drags were conducted 3-4 weeks after treatment on 10% of properties. Information on human-tick encounters and tick-borne diseases was collected through monthly surveys; reports of illness were validated by medical record review. Results. Although the abundance of questing ticks was significantly lower (63%) on acaricide-treated properties, there was no difference between treatment groups in human-tick encounters, self-reported tick-borne diseases, or medical-record-validated tickborne diseases. Conclusions. Used as recommended, acaricide barrier sprays do not significantly reduce the household risk of tick exposure or incidence of tick-borne disease. Measures for preventing tick-borne diseases should be evaluated against human outcomes to confirm effectiveness.
Journal Article
Bloodsucking fleas and ticks
Ticks have been long known to transmit Lyme disease. However, there are more than 800 species of tick and only two of these carry disease to humans at all! That doesn't stop tick bites from being a great annoyance, especially considering they're caused by a tick sucking your blood! Often grouped with another real-life vampire, the flea, ticks use this blood to complete their life cycle while fleas use it for food. Contains facts about the life cycle, habitat, and feeding habits of these bugs.
Book
Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China
Understanding ecological niches of major tick species and prevalent tick-borne pathogens is crucial for efficient surveillance and control of tick-borne diseases. Here we provide an up-to-date review on the spatial distributions of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. We map at the county level 124 tick species, 103 tick-borne agents, and human cases infected with 29 species (subspecies) of tick-borne pathogens that were reported in China during 1950−2018.
Haemaphysalis longicornis
is found to harbor the highest variety of tick-borne agents, followed by
Ixodes persulcatus
,
Dermacentor nutalli
and
Rhipicephalus microplus
. Using a machine learning algorithm, we assess ecoclimatic and socioenvironmental drivers for the distributions of 19 predominant vector ticks and two tick-borne pathogens associated with the highest disease burden. The model-predicted suitable habitats for the 19 tick species are 14‒476% larger in size than the geographic areas where these species were detected, indicating severe under-detection. Tick species harboring pathogens of imminent threats to public health should be prioritized for more active field surveillance.
Ticks are an important vector of disease in China, posing threats to humans, livestock and wild animals. Here, Zhao et al. compile a database of the distributions of the 124 tick species known in China and 103 tick-borne pathogens and predict the additional suitable habitats for the predominant vector species.
Journal Article
Migratory birds as disseminators of ticks and the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: a seasonal study at Ottenby Bird Observatory in South-eastern Sweden
Background
Birds can act as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens and can also disperse pathogen-containing ticks to both nearby and remote localities. The aims of this study were to estimate tick infestation patterns on migratory birds and the prevalence of different
Borrelia
species and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in ticks removed from birds in south-eastern Sweden.
Methods
Ticks were collected from resident and migratory birds captured at the Ottenby Bird Observatory, Öland, Sweden, from March to November 2009. Ticks were molecularly identified to species, and morphologically to developmental stage, and the presence of
Borrelia
bacteria and TBEV was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.
Results
A total of 1339 ticks in the genera
Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma
, and
Ixodes
was recorded of which
I. ricinus
was the most abundant species. Important tick hosts were the European robin (
Erithacus rubecula
), Blackbird (
Turdus merula
), Tree pipit (
Anthus trivialis
), Eurasian wren (
Troglodytes troglodytes
)
,
Common redstart (
Phoenicurus phoenicurus
)
,
Willow warbler (
Phylloscopus trochilus
), and Common whitethroat (
Sylvia communis
).
Borrelia
bacteria were detected in 25% (285/1,124) of the detached ticks available for analysis. Seven
Borrelia
species (
B. afzelii
,
B. burgdorferi
(
s.s.
),
B. garinii
,
B. lusitaniae
,
B. turdi, B. valaisiana
, and
B. miyamotoi
) were identified.
B. turdi
was recorded for the first time in ticks in Sweden. The number of
Borrelia
cells per tick ranged from 2.0 × 10
0
to 7.0 × 10
5
.
B. miyamotoi
-containing ticks contained a significantly higher median number of
Borrelia
cells than
B. burgdorferi
(
s.l.
)-containing ticks.
B. garinii
and
B. miyamotoi
were the most prevalent
Borrelia
species in tick larvae. Larvae of
I. ricinus
with
B. garinii
were removed from seven bird species, particularly
S. communis
and
A. trivialis
, which may suggest that the larvae had contracted the
Borrelia
bacteria from or via these birds. Also, a high percentage of tick larvae containing
B. miyamotoi
was removed from
E. rubecula.
All ticks were negative for TBEV.
Conclusions
The results corroborate the view that the contributions of birds to human disease are substantial, particularly as blood hosts for ticks and for their short-, medium-, and long-distance dispersal. Moreover, several ground-foraging bird species appear to be important for the maintenance and dispersal of
Borrelia
species. The absence of TBEV in the ticks conforms to other similar studies.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
The case of the infected tick
\"Learn about diseases and their symptoms such as Lyme disease, HIV, and Malaria among others\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Problem of ticks and tick-borne diseases in India with special emphasis on progress in tick control research: A review
Ticks, as vectors of several zoonotic diseases, are ranked second only to mosquitoes as vectors. The diseases spread by ticks are a major constraint to animal productivity while causing morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. A number of tick species have been recognised since long as vectors of lethal pathogens, viz. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), Babesia spp, Theileria, Rickettsia conorii, Anaplasma marginale, etc. and the damages caused by them are well-recognised. There is a need to reassess the renewed threat posed by the tick vectors and to prioritize the tick control research programme. This review is focused on the major tick-borne human and animal diseases in India and the progress in vector control research with emphasis on acaricide resistance, tick vaccine and the development of potential phytoacaricides as an integral part of integrated tick control programme.
Journal Article