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Bonding Characteristics of CLT Made from Silver Birch Wood
This paper deals with the bonding characteristics of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels made of Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), European aspen (Populus tremula L.), and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) wood. Three-layered single-species CLT panels were manufactured using birch, aspen, and spruce lamellae bonded with a one-component polyurethane (PUR) adhesive. Spruce CLT panels were used as reference. The bonding characteristics of CLT were assessed based on bond shear strength, total and maximum delamination, and wood failure percentage. The reference spruce CLT met both criteria (Delamtot ≤ 10%, Delammax ≤ 40%) for passing the delamination test, where up to 80% of the test samples passed. The aspen and birch CLTs met the criterion for maximum delamination (26.5% and 33.2%, respectively), but exceeded the maximum allowed value for total delamination (12.7% and 13.2%, respectively). However, the minimum requirement of 70% wood failure percentage (WFP) was met for all CLT types, with aspen CLTs achieving 83.7% and birch CLTs 76.9%. The spruce CLTs achieved an average bond shear strength of 1.9 N/mm[sup.2], while both hardwood CLTs had significantly higher values, with the aspen CLT at 3.3 N/mm[sup.2] and the birch CLT at up to 3.9 N/mm[sup.2]. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from hardwoods like aspen and birch is suitable for environments with low humidity fluctuations.
Journal Article
Lumber Jills : the unsung heroines of World War II
Illustrates the contributions of female lumberjacks, known as Lumber Jills, to the allied war effort.
Book
Growth of IPaulownia/I ssp. Interspecific Hybrid ‘Oxytree’ Micropropagated Nursery Plants under the Influence of Plant-Growth Regulators
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of application of plant-growth regulators (PGR) on the growth of paulownia plants and evaluate their usefulness in paulownia nurseries. The experiment was carried out on the paulownia interspecific hybrid (Paulownia elongata × Paulownia fortunei) ‘Oxytree’. Micropropagated plants grown in pots were sprayed with PGR solutions. Gibberellins (GA[sub.3], GA[sub.4]+GA[sub.7]), 6-benzyladenine (BA), triclopyr (TPA), ethephon (ETH), daminozide (DA), prohexadione-Ca (PH), and trinexapac-ethyl (TE) were used. They were included in commercial products (Florgib 245 mg dm[sup.−3], Gibb plus 11 SL 5 cm[sup.3] dm[sup.−3], Globaryll 100 SL 1.5 cm[sup.3] dm[sup.−3], Topper 10 ST 200 mg dm[sup.−3], Agrostym 480 SL 2 cm[sup.3] dm[sup.−3], B-Nine 85 SG 2 g dm[sup.−3], Regalis plus 10 WG 2.5 g dm[sup.−3], Moddus 250 EC 1 cm[sup.3] dm[sup.−3], respectively). None of the studied preparations modified positive correlations between the longitudinal vs. transverse growth of stems and growth of leaves. Not only GA[sub.3], GA[sub.4]+GA[sub.7], but also BA (cytokinin) and unexpectedly TE (retardant) stimulated stem elongation and thickening. Furthermore, the effect of TE lasted longer than influence of GA[sub.x] and BA. Leaves of TE-treated plants were distinguished by a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio, and a lower relative chlorophyll content and efficiency of photosystem II (F[sub.v]/F[sub.m], F[sub.v]/F[sub.0]). TPA strongly deformed the stems and leaves of liners. Other regulators (ETH, DA, PH) retarded the diameter growth of stems and leaf expansion. Some results obtained by GA[sub.x], BA, and especially by TE treatment, might be beneficial for paulownia grown as ornamental and/or timber tree.
Journal Article
Innovative Structural Systems for Timber Buildings: A Comprehensive Review of Contemporary Solutions
The remarkable development of timber construction technologies in recent decades has led to an increase in the number of timber buildings worldwide, including multi-storey buildings. The design of timber buildings, especially those of greater height, is relatively demanding and, even in the context of architectural expression, has certain constraints due to the specific structural and physical properties of this material. Thus, it is important for designers to have an overview of existing timber structural systems and their specificities to be able to make the right design decisions during the design process. Unfortunately, there is a lack of scientific literature that systematically addresses the essential features of contemporary timber structural systems. Within the aims of this paper to provide the systematic review of contemporary structural systems, both the scientific and professional literature are comprehensively reviewed. This paper presents a systematic classification and description of the following structural systems of timber buildings: all-timber and hybrid timber structural systems with an additional description of constituent structural elements, while examples of completed multi-storey timber buildings are also given for each structural system. The findings provide a broader view of the knowledge of contemporary solutions of timber structural systems and their application, thus representing a novelty in the field of timber construction review.
Journal Article
Advanced Timber Construction Industry: A Review of 350 Multi-Storey Timber Projects from 2000–2021
Throughout the last two decades the timber building sector has experienced a steady growth in multi-storey construction. Although there has been a growing number of research focused on trends, benefits, and disadvantages in timber construction from various technical perspectives, so far there is no extensive literature on the trajectory of emerging architectural typologies. This paper presents an examination of architectural variety and spatial possibilities in current serial and modular multi-storey timber construction. It aims to draw a parallel between architectural characteristics and their relation to structural systems in timber. The research draws from a collection of 350 contemporary multi-storey timber building projects between 2000 and 2021. It consists of 300 built projects, 12 projects currently in construction, and 38 design proposals. The survey consists of quantitative and qualitative project data, as well as classification of the structural system, material, program, massing, and spatial organization of the projects. It then compares the different structural and design aspects to achieve a comprehensive overview of possibilities in timber construction. The outcome is an identification of the range of morphologies and a better understanding of the design space in current serial and modular multi-storey mass timber construction.
Journal Article