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When are people willing to sacrifice for the common good? What are the benefits of friendship? How do communities deal with betrayal? And what are the costs and benefits of being in a diverse community? Using the life histories of more than forty thousand Civil War soldiers, Dora Costa and Matthew Kahn answer these questions and uncover the vivid stories, social influences, and crucial networks that influenced soldiers' lives both during and after the war. Drawing information from government documents, soldiers' journals, and one of the most extensive research projects about Union Army soldiers ever undertaken, Heroes and Cowards demonstrates the role that social capital plays in people's decisions. The makeup of various companies--whether soldiers were of the same ethnicity, age, and occupation--influenced whether soldiers remained loyal or whether they deserted. Costa and Kahn discuss how the soldiers benefited from friendships, what social factors allowed some to survive the POW camps while others died, and how punishments meted out for breaking codes of conduct affected men after the war. The book also examines the experience of African-American soldiers and makes important observations about how their comrades shaped their lives. Heroes and Cowards highlights the inherent tensions between the costs and benefits of community diversity, shedding light on how groups and societies behave and providing valuable lessons for the present day.

This paper investigates the resilient annular finite‐time synchronization and boundedness problems for master‐slave systems under dynamic event‐triggered scheme (ETS), actuator faults, and scaling attacks. A comprehensive model for characterizing scaling attacks is presented. The switched dynamic ETS is developed to reduce the bandwidth pressure. Two different internal variables are designed, each of which changes based on the switching manifold. Simultaneously, the resilient problem of switched master‐slave systems with respect to stochastic scaling attacks is considered, where there are limited malicious signals introduced by the adversary. Based on the Lyapunov‐like function involving the different internal dynamic variables, a set of criteria is established in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which guarantee the annular finite‐time boundedness. Finally, two examples are presented to verify the theoretical findings. This work has addressed the resilient annular finite‐time synchronization control problem for master‐slave systems under dynamic ETS, actuator faults, and scaling attacks. A scaling attack is used in the attack strategy, associated with a Bernoulli‐distributed random variable. An adaptive mechanism is used to mitigate any potential effects of actuator faults that may occur within the system.

This paper focuses on the fixed-time synchronization control methodology for a class of delayed memristor-based recurrent neural networks. Based on Lyapunov functionals, analytical techniques, and together with novel control algorithms, sufficient conditions are established to achieve fixed-time synchronization of the master and slave memristive systems. Moreover, the settling time of fixed-time synchronization is estimated, which can be adjusted to desired values regardless of the initial conditions. Finally, the corresponding simulation results are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology derived in this paper.

Frequency synthesis is an important aspect of an atomic clock. It is also imperative that the synthesized frequency exhibits good short term stability or, in other words, exhibits good phase noise. Conventionally single-PLL-system-based approaches have been made for realizing the frequency synthesizers required for hydrogen maser atomic clocks. In this article, a novel approach involving a master–slave-based phase-locked loop (MSPLL) method is presented for frequency synthesis in a hydrogen maser atomic clock. The novelty of this paper lies in the fact that the way two phase-locked loops are coupled to obtain advantage in improving the master oscillator’s stability to match maser physics subsystem stability and at the same time achieving lower jitter by the design. The design involves the usage of a master and a slave phase-locked loop with coupled custom designed direct digital synthesizers for ensuring that the hydrogen maser’s frequency stability is transferred to the master oscillator. The slave PLL (SPLL) generates a low jitter clock for the master PLL (MPLL), thereby guaranteeing reliable tracking of the input reference of 10 MHz, obtained by down-converting the maser physics subsystem frequency of ∼1.4 GHz. A novel mathematical model was derived for the proposed MSPLL design which aids in determination of the settling time of phase, which in turn, leads to the investigation of jitter variance in time domain. A detailed study and analysis of the settling time, phase noise in frequency domain, phase jitter in time domain. and stability performance is presented. The results were validated by the experimental data. The realized frequency synthesizer deduced a settling time of phase that can be adjusted between 689 μs to 811 μs. The synthesized frequency’s phase noise is ≤−114 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz offset, and it was observed that this design induces a very low phase noise to the output signal with respect to the physics subsystem. The achieved short-term stability of the output signal at 1 s is approximately (7.66 × 10−12) τ−1/2, which is very close to the physics subsystem stability. In terms of stability degradation factor, the proposed MSPLL design exhibits an excellent short-term stability that is one order better than that of the existing methods.

InBrethren by Nature, Margaret Ellen Newell reveals a little-known aspect of American history: English colonists in New England enslaved thousands of Indians. Massachusetts became the first English colony to legalize slavery in 1641, and the colonists' desire for slaves shaped the major New England Indian wars, including the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War of 1675-76, and the northeastern Wabanaki conflicts of 1676-1749. When the wartime conquest of Indians ceased, New Englanders turned to the courts to get control of their labor, or imported Indians from Florida and the Carolinas, or simply claimed free Indians as slaves.Drawing on letters, diaries, newspapers, and court records, Newell recovers the slaves' own stories and shows how they influenced New England society in crucial ways. Indians lived in English homes, raised English children, and manned colonial armies, farms, and fleets, exposing their captors to Native religion, foods, and technology. Some achieved freedom and power in this new colonial culture, but others experienced violence, surveillance, and family separations. Newell also explains how slavery linked the fate of Africans and Indians. The trade in Indian captives connected New England to Caribbean and Atlantic slave economies. Indians labored on sugar plantations in Jamaica, tended fields in the Azores, and rowed English naval galleys in Tangier. Indian slaves outnumbered Africans within New England before 1700, but the balance soon shifted. Fearful of the growing African population, local governments stripped Indian and African servants and slaves of legal rights and personal freedoms. Nevertheless, because Indians remained a significant part of the slave population, the New England colonies did not adopt all of the rigid racial laws typical of slave societies in Virginia and Barbados. Newell finds that second- and third-generation Indian slaves fought their enslavement and claimed citizenship in cases that had implications for all enslaved peoples in eighteenth-century America. InBrethren by Nature, Margaret Ellen Newell reveals a little-known aspect of American history: English colonists in New England enslaved thousands of Indians. Massachusetts became the first English colony to legalize slavery in 1641, and the colonists' desire for slaves shaped the major New England Indian wars, including the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War of 1675-76, and the northeastern Wabanaki conflicts of 1676-1749. When the wartime conquest of Indians ceased, New Englanders turned to the courts to get control of their labor, or imported Indians from Florida and the Carolinas, or simply claimed free Indians as slaves. Drawing on letters, diaries, newspapers, and court records, Newell recovers the slaves' own stories and shows how they influenced New England society in crucial ways. Indians lived in English homes, raised English children, and manned colonial armies, farms, and fleets, exposing their captors to Native religion, foods, and technology. Some achieved freedom and power in this new colonial culture, but others experienced violence, surveillance, and family separations. Newell also explains how slavery linked the fate of Africans and Indians. The trade in Indian captives connected New England to Caribbean and Atlantic slave economies. Indians labored on sugar plantations in Jamaica, tended fields in the Azores, and rowed English naval galleys in Tangier. Indian slaves outnumbered Africans within New England before 1700, but the balance soon shifted. Fearful of the growing African population, local governments stripped Indian and African servants and slaves of legal rights and personal freedoms. Nevertheless, because Indians remained a significant part of the slave population, the New England colonies did not adopt all of the rigid racial laws typical of slave societies in Virginia and Barbados. Newell finds that second- and third-generation Indian slaves fought their enslavement and claimed citizenship in cases that had implications for all enslaved peoples in eighteenth-century America.

This article questions the time of white modernity based on historical periodization and sequential progression, arguing for a more multifaceted approach to time and space in linguistic landscapes (LL). It rethinks the concept of chronotope by examining effects of the African diaspora in Brazil. The experience of radical uprooting it promoted fuses spatiotemporal dimensions that operate in complementary directions. On the one hand, a necrotope sets forth submission and destruction. On the other, visceral resistance to obliteration emerges when the timespace of encruzilhadas ‘crossroads’ is produced in the cracks of colonial power. The LL at Pedra do Sal in Rio de Janeiro suggests that approaching timespace from this perspective captures the juxtaposition of stasis and mobility, oppression and resistance, loss and life, past and present. We argue that thinking of time outside and against the Euro-chronometer requires decolonial epistemologies that have the potential to disrupt racist chronologies. (Chronotope, linguistic landscapes, African diaspora, temporality, race, Rio de Janeiro)*

The present study focuses on the master–slave synchronization issue for switched nonlinear time-delay systems based on quantization and switching event-triggered strategy (ETS). The logarithmic quantizer and the switching ETS that is represented by a transition between the periodic sampled-data control and the general continuous ETS are adopted to improve resource utilization and adjust data transmission. According to the event-triggered sampled signal, the synchronization error system with asynchronous switching signal is modeled. In virtue of multiple Lyapunov functional approach, the sufficient conditions are obtained to guarantee the error system is exponentially stable by developing some linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), from which the synchronizing controller is orchestrated. Lastly, the reliability of the proposed methods is illustrated by numerical simulations.

The controlling and synchronizing chaotic systems (CSs) are crucial aspects of engineering, with broad applications across various applied sciences, such as secure communications, nonlinear circuit design, biomedical engineering, and image processing. This paper deals with the complex problem of achieving finite-time projective synchronization for uncertain CSs with incommensurate non-integer orders using adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode control (AFSMC). Specifically, we focus on practical projective synchronization, introducing two novel control approaches that effectively mitigate the chattering phenomenon, a common issue in conventional sliding mode control. To achieve this, two innovative non-singular sliding surfaces with finite-time properties are formulated. This type of sliding surface enhances projective synchronization accuracy, response speed, and robustness. The adaptive fuzzy logic systems, known for their universal approximation capability, are employed to estimate continuous functional uncertainties. We rigorously analyzed the stability of both approaches using Lyapunov’s direct method. Extensive simulations confirm the effectiveness and benefits of our proposed methods. These methods significantly reduce or eliminate chattering and achieve practical projective synchronization in a finite time. This makes them well-suited for real-world applications in complex CSs.