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The paper identifies and explores the solutions to certain underdeveloped and lacking legislative solutions and issues in the practice of the national data protection authority (CPDPA), which affect the aims of effective GDPR enforcement and transparency. On a broader level it contributes to the EDPB initiatives toward the harmonization of certain procedural provisions and overcoming the differences in the conduct of cross-border proceedings. Most of the research considerations are supported by a study of the case that received much public attention and involves the first administrative fine in Croatia. Arguments are provided toward prescribing time limits for the resolution of data protection administrative disputes and toward appropriate addressal of the closely related issues of publishing CPDPA rulings, with the concerns of their accessibility worked out through a comprehensive policy. This includes also the particular considerations on the corrective measures issued to public authorities, which cannot be fined, and on the underdeveloped fine-limitation rule for certain other public sector bodies. Public interest concerns should be closely examined in the assessment of communicating information on relevant data protection cases and CPDPA decisions, as well as the interrelation with the freedom of information requests. The publishing of non-anonymous final rulings should be recognized as a form of additional sanction and power of the data protection authority and as such further explored also at the EU level. In terms of more efficient CPDPA functioning it is argued that the prescribed time limits for issuing expert opinions are extended. At the same time resources should be utilized toward better inclusivity and accessibility of relevant information, primarily rulings, on its website.

A dynamic structural model of labor supply, welfare participation, and food stamp participation is estimated using the 1992, 1993, and 1996 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Details of various policies including welfare time limits, work requirements, and Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) are incorporated formally in the budget constraint. Policy simulations reveal that the economy accounts for half of the increase in the labor supply of female heads of family between 1992 and 1999. A time limit results in a larger efficiency gain than a work requirement or a direct reduction in welfare benefits. A reform package can lead to both a reduction in the government expenditure and an improvement in utility. The EITC expansion results in a substantial efficiency gain among individuals with the lowest expected wage. These individuals are almost unaffected by the economic expansion, but their income and utility increase significantly under the reform package.

•A meta-analysis across 131 studies shows not all scarcity effects are equal.•Demand-based scarcity is most effective for utilitarian products.•Supply-based scarcity has large effects on the purchase intentions of experiences.•Time-based scarcity has the greatest effect on high involvement products.•Managers need to consider these factors to maximize the success of scarcity tactics. Scarcity tactics are an essential tool for marketers. Cues that signal the current or potential unavailability of a product generally enhance its value and desirability and in turn increase purchase intentions. While there have been earlier reviews, the fragmented nature of the research to date means there is no cohesion across findings. Given that retailers employ a variety of scarcity cues in a diversity of settings, it is important to identify the magnitude of the effect of scarcity cues and how the effect on consumers’ purchase intentions changes across conditions. This research presents a meta-analysis of 416 effect sizes from 131 studies. Results show that demand-based scarcity is most effective for utilitarian products, supply-based scarcity for experiences, and time-based scarcity for high involvement products. The results show that managers need to consider the above factors to maximize the success of scarcity tactics in their marketing campaigns. [Display omitted]

We propose that externally induced time limits on a task overly affect predictions of other people’s completion times for that task, due to an over-generalized association between the time available and inferred task scope. We find higher estimates of the time needed to complete a given task by another person when the time limit is longer. While such predictions could be normative when time limits are informative, the effect persists even when the decision-maker knows that the limit is arbitrary and is unknown to the other person, and therefore, cannot affect behavior. Perception of task scope mediates the relationship between time limits and completion time estimates, and weakening the association between time limits and task scope attenuates the effect. The over-learned cognitive bias persists even among experienced decision-makers making estimates in a familiar setting. Our findings have implications for people who make decisions that use judgments of others’ task completion time as an input.

There is little empirical understanding of how young children's screen engagement links to their well‐being. Data from 19,957 telephone interviews with parents of 2‐ to 5‐year‐olds assessed their children's digital screen use and psychological well‐being in terms of caregiver attachment, resilience, curiosity, and positive affect in the past month. Evidence did not support implementing limits (< 1 or < 2 hr/day) as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics, once variability in child ethnicity, age, gender, household income, and caregiver educational attainment were considered. Yet, small parabolic functions linked screen time to attachment and positive affect. Results suggest a critical cost–benefit analysis is needed to determine whether setting firm limits constitutes a judicious use of caregiver and professional resources.

The 1994 Egyptian Arbitration Act has conferred the jurisdiction to terminate arbitral proceedings, if the time limit for the award expires, on Egypt's courts. The Egyptian courts have wrongfully terminated two International Chamber of Commerce arbitration proceedings. Egypt's Court of Cassation has ultimately reversed the decisions of the Egyptian lower courts, so the two icc arbitration awards have survived. This article examines the manner in which the Egyptian courts were asked to grant, recognise or refuse to recognise the termination orders, and clarifies how arbitrators, the icc Court and parties reacted to them.

Experiments comparing intuitive and reflective decisions provide insights into the cognitive foundations of human behavior. However, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the frequently used experimental techniques for activating intuition and reflection remain unknown. In a large-scale preregistered online experiment ( N  = 3667), we compared the effects of eight reflection, six intuition, and two within-subjects manipulations on actual and self-reported measures of cognitive performance. Compared to the overall control, the long debiasing training was the most effective technique for increasing actual reflection scores, and the emotion induction was the most effective technique for increasing actual intuition scores. In contrast, the reason and the intuition recall, the reason induction, and the brief time delay conditions failed to achieve the intended effects. We recommend using the debiasing training, the decision justification, or the monetary incentives technique to activate reflection, and the emotion induction, the cognitive load, or the time pressure technique to activate intuition.

It is well known that in cases in which abused children have died, social workers and other professionals did not relate to them effectively—the phenomenon now known as the 'invisible child'. Much less well understood is how often and why such invisibility occurs where there has not been a major inquiry or scandal and this paper draws on research which observed day-to-day encounters between social workers, children and families. In most of the practice, children were seen and related to but, in a small number of home visits, social workers were not child-focused. The paper provides a detailed analysis of those cases and shows how social workers were overcome by the emotional intensity of the work and complex interactions with angry, resistant parents and family friends. Workers were also affected by organisational culture, time limits on their work and insufficient support to enable them to contain their feelings and think clearly. The powerful impact of unbearable levels of complexity and anxiety on social workers requires much greater recognition. Sociological, psycho-dynamic and systemic theories are drawn upon to establish how workers need to be helped to think clearly about children and relate to them in the dose, intimate ways that are required to keep them safe.

Objective: The objective of this research is to analyze the regulatory frameworks on statute of limitations and judicial collection of contributions to private pension funds in 10 South American countries.   Method: In this study, a systematic review was carried out based on the criteria of the PRISMA method, which facilitated the order in the information search process. The databases used were Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed, and no limits were set on the date of publication of the articles.   Results and conclusion: Based on the selection of studies, a total of 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. Common patterns were identified in the enforcement proceedings, but divergences in the statute of limitations periods in force between 3 and 10 years according to the legislation of each country. The analysis of the doctrinal debate revealed opposing technical arguments on the extension of these periods. In conclusion, there is a need for a country-specific approach and a balanced weighting of positions when reforming this sensitive area affecting regional pension systems.   Research implications: This research establishes that regulatory frameworks are in need of pension reform to safeguard the integrity of vulnerable people.   Originality/value: This study contributes to the reflection on the political and judicial structures that allow marginalized or economically vulnerable groups to have efficient access to justice. Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as estruturas regulatórias sobre prescrição e cobrança judicial de contribuições para fundos de pensão privados em 10 países da América do Sul. Método: Neste estudo, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com base nos critérios do método PRISMA, que facilitou a ordem no processo de busca de informações. Os bancos de dados utilizados foram Web of Science, Scopus e PubMed, e não foram estabelecidos limites para a data de publicação dos artigos. Resultados e conclusão: A partir da seleção de estudos, foi incluído um total de 20 estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Foram identificados padrões comuns nos processos de execução, mas divergências nos atuais prazos de prescrição entre 3 e 10 anos, de acordo com a legislação de cada país. A análise do debate doutrinário revelou argumentos técnicos opostos sobre a extensão desses períodos. Em conclusão, há necessidade de uma abordagem específica para cada país e de uma ponderação equilibrada de posições ao reformar essa área sensível que afeta os sistemas regionais de aposentadoria. Implicações da pesquisa: Esta pesquisa estabelece que as estruturas regulatórias precisam de uma reforma previdenciária para proteger a integridade das pessoas vulneráveis. Originalidade/valor: Este estudo contribui para a reflexão sobre as estruturas políticas e judiciais que permitem que grupos marginalizados ou economicamente vulneráveis tenham acesso eficiente à justiça.

Purpose The aim was to carry out a systematic review dedicated to describing the work barriers and the job adjustments that are particularly sensitive to people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). Methods Four electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SciVerse ScienceDirect, and Web of Science) were searched for peer-reviewed original articles reporting the barriers at work and/or the job adjustments used by PwMS. MS must have been diagnosed according to accepted international criteria at the time of the study and/or confirmed by a doctor. No time limits were set for the search. Articles that were published in English, Italian, Spanish, French, and Portuguese were accepted. Each article was screened by three experienced and trained investigators. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022299994). Results The initial systematic search yielded 104,228 results, of which 49 articles provided sufficient information and were considered suitable for inclusion in the study. Overall, the studies included 30283 participants with MS. Thirteen (27.1%) studies reported on barriers to work, 14 (29.2%) addressed reasonable adjustments and 21 (43.7%) assessed both outcomes. Job characteristics are the most important barriers for PwMS. Other reported barriers concern the work environment, social relationships at work, negative work events and lack of information. PwMS are more vulnerable to the need for adjustments at the workplace, being the management of the workload the most commonly used one. Conclusions PwMS are exposed to a wide variety of work barriers and job adjustments. Future studies are still highly encouraged on the topic.