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The nature of time
\"The question of the measurement and properties of time has been subject to debate for hundreds of years. The Nature of Time enters this debate with a refreshing new perspective. Divided into sections on clocks, Newtonian and humanly perceived time, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and relativity, this book focuses on a physical understanding of how humans measure and interpret the measurements of the quantity which we call time. Written in a digestible manner with little mathematics, this book will be an important introductory resource to undergraduate students in physics, biology, philosophy, and those interested in the debate on time\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Study on Measurement Method and Influencing Factors of Surface Temperature for Rock Under Microwave Irradiation
Temperature is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness and understanding the mechanisms of microwave-induced rock weakening. However, the measurement of actual temperature for microwave-treated rock using real-time and non-real-time methods, as well as its influencing factors, have not been systematically studied. In this paper, the cooling processes of rock surface after multimode microwave heating was first investigated using the non-real-time temperature measurement method (with an infrared thermal imager). The effects of initial temperature, wind speed, and cooling time on rock surface temperature were preliminarily investigated. On this basis, the numerical model was calibrated using the experimental results and then numerical simulations were conducted for rock samples under multimode microwave heating and microwave surface irradiation. The experimental and numerical results indicate that, with increasing cooling time, the surface temperature continuously decreases, and the cooling rate gradually diminishes. Within the same period, the higher the initial surface temperature or the greater the wind speed, the larger the surface temperature drop. Subsequently, the applicable conditions for non-real-time temperature measurement were clarified, and a correction model for the highest surface temperature of rock samples under multimode microwave heating and microwave surface irradiation was established, respectively. The cooling mechanisms of rock surface under the two types of microwave irradiation were also revealed. Finally, for the real-time temperature measurement with infrared sensors, the deviation range between the highest surface temperature and the temperatures at the centers of side and top surfaces of rock samples was provided, with heating by multimode microwave oven in this study as an example. The results show that the temperatures at the centers of side and top surfaces of the sample treated by multimode microwave were 20–30% lower than the highest surface temperature.HighlightsThe effects of initial temperature, wind speed and cooling time on rock surface temperature were studied.A correction model for the highest surface temperature of rock under multimode microwave heating and microwave surface irradiation was established.The cooling mechanisms of rock surface under multimode microwave heating and microwave surface irradiation were revealed.
Journal Article
The week : a history of the unnatural rhythms that made us who we are
\"An investigation into the evolution of the seven-day week and how our attachment to its rhythms influences how we live. We take the seven-day week for granted, rarely asking what anchors it or what it does to us. Yet weeks are not dictated by the natural order. They are, in fact, entirely artificial -- a quintessentially modern cycle with an ancient pedigree. With meticulous archival research that draws on a wide array of sources -- including newspapers, restaurant menus, theater schedules, marriage records, school curricula, folklore, housekeeping guides, courtroom testimony, and diaries -- David Henkin reveals how our current devotion to weekly rhythms emerged in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century. Reconstructing how weekly patterns insinuated themselves into the social practices and mental habits of Americans, Henkin argues that the week is more than just a regimen of rest days or breaks from work, but a dominant organizational principle of modern society. Ultimately, the seven-day week shapes our understanding and experience of time\"--Jacket.
Applications of Online UV-Vis Spectrophotometer for Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Process Control: A Review
Water quality monitoring is an essential component of water quality management for water utilities for managing the drinking water supply. Online UV-Vis spectrophotometers are becoming popular choices for online water quality monitoring and process control, as they are reagent free, do not require sample pre-treatments and can provide continuous measurements. The advantages of the online UV-Vis sensors are that they can capture events and allow quicker responses to water quality changes compared to conventional water quality monitoring. This review summarizes the applications of online UV-Vis spectrophotometers for drinking water quality management in the last two decades. Water quality measurements can be performed directly using the built-in generic algorithms of the online UV-Vis instruments, including absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), colour, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity and nitrate. To enhance the usability of this technique by providing a higher level of operations intelligence, the UV-Vis spectra combined with chemometrics approach offers simplicity, flexibility and applicability. The use of anomaly detection and an early warning was also discussed for drinking water quality monitoring at the source or in the distribution system. As most of the online UV-Vis instruments studies in the drinking water field were conducted at the laboratory- and pilot-scale, future work is needed for industrial-scale evaluation with ab appropriate validation methodology. Issues and potential solutions associated with online instruments for water quality monitoring have been provided. Current technique development outcomes indicate that future research and development work is needed for the integration of early warnings and real-time water treatment process control systems using the online UV-Vis spectrophotometers as part of the water quality management system.
Journal Article
A Miniature Integrated Multimodal Sensor for Measuring pH, EC and Temperature for Precision Agriculture
Making several simultaneous measurements with different kinds of sensors at the same location in a solution is difficult because of crosstalk between the sensors. In addition, because the conditions at different locations in plant beds differ, in situ measurements in agriculture need to be done in small localized areas. We have fabricated a multimodal sensor on a small Si chip in which a pH sensor was integrated with electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature sensors. An ISFET with a Si3N4 membrane was used for the pH sensor. For the EC sensor, the electrical conductivity between platinum electrodes was measured, and the temperature sensor was a p-n junction diode. These are some of the most important measurements required for controlling the conditions in plant beds. The multimodal sensor can be inserted into a plant bed for in situ monitoring. To confirm the absence of crosstalk between the sensors, we made simultaneous measurements of pH, EC, and temperature of a pH buffer solution in a plant bed. When the solution was diluted with hot or cold water, the real time measurements showed changes to the EC and temperature, but no change in pH. We also demonstrated that our sensor was capable of simultaneous in situ measurements in rock wool without being affected by crosstalk.
Journal Article
A second, a minute, a week with days in it : a book about time
The CATegorical cats introduce the measurement of time, from seconds, minutes, and hours up to decades.
Book
A Rock Strength Prediction Model Utilizing Real-Time Data from Percussion–Rotary Drilling Measurements
The interaction between drilling machinery and rock during the drilling process generates drilling parameters that encapsulate substantial data closely correlated with rock mass strength. The real-time acquisition and analysis of these data for predicting the quality of the rock being drilled is of considerable practical value. However, challenges exist in the real-time, comprehensive collection of drilling data, as well as in data mining and quantitative interpretation. To address these challenges, we undertook equipment development, laboratory tests, and theoretical research. Initially, we established a large-scale experimental platform that integrates percussion–rotary horizontal drilling with real-time monitoring capabilities. This platform facilitates the real-time acquisition of nine drilling parameters, including drilling stroke, rate, pressure, and frequency, and exhibits high controllability, stability, and monitoring precision. Subsequently, we conducted a series of drilling and real-time measurement tests on both homogeneous and layered samples. We identified sensitive drilling parameters, such as drilling stroke, drilling rate, and propulsive force, that indicate rock hardness and layered interfaces. The propulsive force exhibited distinct periodicity, small-scale fluctuations, and amplitude variations, further highlighting its sensitivity to rock strength and stratigraphic boundaries. These characteristics, along with the mechanisms underlying parameter variations during drilling, were elucidated, providing experimental evidence for the real-time identification of engineering rock masses. However, single sensitive parameters were found insufficient for quantitatively predicting rock strength, emphasizing the need for multi-parameter fusion to achieve reliable strength predictions. Finally, we developed a drilling energy model that integrates multiple drilling parameters, based on the energy relationship in drilling processes. Building on this model, we established a rock strength prediction model, thus providing a theoretical foundation for the real-time prediction of engineering rock mass strength.
Highlights
The large-scale experimental platform that integrates percussion–rotary horizontal drilling with real-time monitoring capabilities was established.
The characteristics and mechanisms of parameter variations during the drilling of rocks with different strengths and at layered interfaces were elucidated.
A rock strength prediction model based on drilling parameters was established.
Journal Article
Calendar math
\"Calendar Math provides an ideal introduction to measuring time. From the days of the week to months of the year, readers will learn the different ways a calendar measures time. Vivid full-color images and entertaining narrative text model concepts such as patterning, comparing and contrasting, and solving simple problems\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Shaping the day : a history of timekeeping in England and Wales 1300-1800
Timekeeping is an essential activity in the modern world, and we take it for granted that our lives are shaped by the hours of the day. This book is a study of the practice of timekeeping in England and Wales between 1300 and 1800 and how it was brought about by centuries of technical innovation and circulation of ideas about time. The authors illustrate how a particular kind of common sense about time came into being, and how it developed during this period. The study cites famous figures like John Harrison, who solved the problem of longitude, and less familiar characters like sailors, gamblers, and burglars. Overturning many common perceptions of the past — for example, that clock time and the industrial revolution were intimately related — this historical study is interested in how ‘telling the time’ has come to dominate our way of life.
eBook