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Abstract Context It remains controversial whether the choice of the daily eating window early or later in time-restricted eating (TRE) intervention (early or later TRE) has different effects on weight loss and metabolic health. Objective A network meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy between early and later TRE in adults with obesity or overweight. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published until October 16, 2022. We conducted a network meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of early and later TRE on body weight and metabolic parameters, including glycemic metabolism, blood pressure, and lipid profiles. Results Twelve RCTs with 730 obese or overweight adults were included in this meta-analysis. Early TRE and later TRE both elicited moderate reductions in body weight and insulin resistance (IR) (homeostasis model assessment of IR) when compared to non-TRE. Interestingly, early TRE showed more effectiveness than later TRE in improving IR (early vs later TRE: −0.44; 95% CI, −0.86 to −0.02; P < .05), whereas no statistically significant difference was detected in weight loss (early vs later TRE: −0.31 kg; 95% CI, −1.15 to 0.53 kg; P >.05). In addition, early TRE rather than later TRE showed significant benefits in glycemic metabolism and blood pressure when compared to non-TRE. No significant differences between early and later TRE were observed for fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profiles. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that people may choose early TRE for more effective weight management and metabolic benefits. Nevertheless, further large-scale RCTs are warranted to verify our findings.

Metabolic regulation is essential for maintaining homeostasis in response to fluctuating dietary nutrient availability. In this review, we explore how metabolic health can be affected by the temporal alignment between daily behavioural patterns (e.g., eating, physical activity and sleep) and recurring cycles in underlying physiology (e.g., ‘circadian’ rhythms). Misalignment within and/or between these patterns and cycles can lead to metabolic dysregulation, increasing the risk of chronic disease states such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, metabolic health can be improved by strategically aligning certain behavioural patterns with endogenous rhythms in physiology. Dietary interventions based upon this reasoning are referred to as chrono‐nutrition strategies. Skeletal muscle is an important tissue in relation to both whole‐body metabolism and behaviour and plays a central role in how physiological rhythms respond to the timing of nutrient delivery/availability. Few studies have examined rhythms in metabolism within human skeletal muscle, providing opportunities to advance current understanding of how nutrient timing affects muscle metabolism. What is the topic of this review? This review discusses the interactions between rhythms in human physiology and factors related to daily eating patterns to reveal how metabolic health can be targeted using chrono‐nutrition. What advances does it highlight? Metabolic regulation is inherently linked to physiological rhythms in metabolism and behaviour, with human skeletal muscle representing a major site for many of these responses. Scheduling the timing of daily meals according to underlying rhythms in physiology can impact skeletal muscle metabolism and impart metabolic health benefits.

Background/Objectives: Long-term weight maintenance remains challenging with conventional dietary strategies due to various barriers. Time-restricted eating (TRE) has recently attracted attention as a potential approach to improve adherence, but evidence on long-term maintenance is limited. We investigated the 6-month follow-up (6FU) of early time-restricted eating with energy restriction (eTRE + ER), late time-restricted eating with energy restriction (lTRE + ER) and energy restriction alone (ER). Methods: This 6FU included 69 of 93 participants from a previously conducted 3-month intervention (3INT). After the intervention, participants returned to free-living conditions without dietary guidance. Outcomes included adherence, perceived barriers, body composition, blood pressure, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic hormones, subjective appetite, and dietary intake. Results: Adherence of at least ≥5 days per week was low: 7.7% (eTRE + ER), 18.2% (lTRE + ER), and 9.5% (ER). Reduced adherence during the 6FU was associated with a partial reversal of improvements in body mass, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic hormones, and subjective appetite observed during the 3INT. Analysis of perceived barriers showed that environmental and psychosocial barriers were significant predictors of changes in body mass during the 6FU, while environmental and behavioral barriers were associated with extension of the eating window. These associations were most pronounced in the eTRE + ER group. Conclusions: During the 6FU, differences between dietary strategies gradually diminished, although some remained clinically meaningful. Long-term adherence was low across all three dietary strategies, with psychosocial, environmental, and behavioral barriers particularly evident in the eTRE + ER group. Further research is needed to confirm long-term adherence before TRE + ER interventions can be widely applied in clinical practice.

The primary objective of this scoping review (ScR) was to assess the breadth and type of evidence related to time‐restricted eating (TRE) as an intervention to modify metabolic health outcomes in individuals with diagnosed metabolic syndrome (MetS), a major health challenge due to increasing prevalence and association with other chronic diseases. MetS comprises three or more of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, dyslipidaemia, dysregulated glucose homeostasis, and abdominal obesity. TRE, also known as time‐restricted feeding (TRF), restricts food intake to specific time windows within a day, for example, a 10‐h eating period between 10:00 and 20:00. Via multiple mechanisms, TRE interventions may provide an effective tool to prevent and treat metabolic disease such as MetS. While studies have assessed TRE in populations with components of MetS, there is a gap in the knowledge of how effective TRE can be for people with diagnosed MetS. A search of studies published in English in the PubMed (Medline), Embase, Cochrane, and PROSPERO databases was performed in February 2024. Of 3449 articles, 45 underwent full text analysis, and three were accepted into the ScR. These studies, comprising 10 and 8 h TRE interventions for 12 weeks, showed mixed benefits to body composition markers such as body weight, fat mass, and abdominal fat, blood pressure, and blood markers of lipid and glucose homeostasis. Future research into TRE and MetS will aim to more closely define optimal formulations of TRE interventions to improve MetS and its components.

Time‐restricted eating (TRE) is a new therapeutic strategy for the management of weight loss and dysmetabolic diseases. At present, TRE (8/16, 8 h eating:16 h fasting) is the most common form of TRE. Therefore, this meta‐analysis included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on TRE (8/16) in overweight and obese adults to determine its impact on body weight and metabolism. Articles reviewed from PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register for the relevant RCTs that compared TRE (8/16) to non‐TRE in overweight and obese adults. Eight RCTs were included in this meta‐analysis. Participants following TRE (8/16) showed significant body weight reduction (mean difference [MD]: −1.48 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.53 to −0.44) and fat mass reduction (MD: −1.09 kg, 95% CI: −1.55 to −0.63). There was no significant difference in lean mass change with TRE intervention (MD: −0.48 kg, 95% CI: −1.02 to 0.05, p = .08, I2 = 41%). The energy restriction and early TRE (eTRE) subgroups resulted in greater weight loss. TRE (8/16) showed beneficial effects on the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR, MD: −0.32, 95% CI: −0.59 to −0.06), but had no significant effect on other parameters of glucose metabolism and lipid profiles. In conclusion, TRE (8/16), especially eTRE, or in combination with caloric intake restriction, is a potential therapeutic strategy for weight control in overweight and obese adults. TRE (8/16) also reduced HOMA‐IR; therefore, it may have a positive effect on glucose metabolism. After analysis, We believe Time‐restricted eating (TRE,8/16) is a potential therapeutic strategy for controlling weight in adults with overweight and obesity, especially the elderly and people who do not exercise regularly, and eTRE maybe the better choice for weight loss. TRE (8/16) also reduces HOMA‐IR, so maybe it has a positive effect on glucose metabolism. This review aimed to assess the time‐restricted eating (8/16) on body weight and metabolism in overweight and obese adults. A meta‐analysis and systematic review was conducted up to May 2022.

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently redefined as metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), has emerged as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting nearly one in three adults. Despite its growing prevalence, there is still no approved pharmacological treatment, making lifestyle modification the cornerstone of management. Among the most promising strategies are nutritional interventions and structured fasting regimens, which target the underlying metabolic dysfunction driving disease progression. This review explores the impact of various dietary patterns—including the Mediterranean diet, low‐glycemic index and low‐carbohydrate diets, plant‐based approaches, and the DASH diet—on hepatic steatosis, liver enzymes, and metabolic health. Evidence from randomized trials and meta‐analyses highlights the Mediterranean diet as particularly effective in reducing liver fat and improving cardiometabolic outcomes, especially when combined with physical activity. Plant‐based and DASH diets also demonstrate significant benefits, although accessibility, adherence, and cultural factors remain as challenges. Fasting interventions, such as intermittent fasting, time‐restricted eating, alternate‐day fasting, periodic fasting, and the fasting‐mimicking diet, have gained increasing attention. These regimens improve insulin sensitivity, promote fat oxidation, and reduce intrahepatic fat, with growing evidence supporting their safety and effectiveness in MASLD management. While results are encouraging, long‐term adherence, standardization of fasting protocols, and individualized patient considerations remain key areas for future research. In summary, nutritional and fasting strategies represent practical, non‐pharmacological options to prevent and manage MASLD. By addressing both hepatic and systemic metabolic dysfunction, they hold promise not only for improving liver health but also for reducing the broader burden of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Time‐restricted eating (TRE) is a promising strategy against metabolic disorders, but its effects on lipid metabolism remain controversial. The present research assesses and compares the impact of early (eTRE) versus late (lTRE) TRE on the plasma lipidomic profile. This is an exploratory outcome of the previously published randomized crossover trial, which examines 31 women with overweight or obesity who follow a two‐week eTRE and a two‐week lTRE in an intended isocaloric setting. Blood plasma and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies are analyzed using shotgun lipidomics and transcriptomics, respectively. Between interventions and within the lTRE, lipid species and classes, as well as enzyme activity indices, are not substantially changed. Within the eTRE, changes are observed for 103 lipid species, including a reduction of ceramide and phosphatidylcholine classes, and for the desaturation indices D5D, D6D, and D9D, as well as the elongation index ELOVL6. Combined analysis of plasma lipidome and adipose tissue reveals alterations in the glycerophospholipid pathway and in the expression of phospholipase enzymes PLB1, PLA2G6, and PLAG4B, dependent on TRE timing. These results suggest that eating timing during TRE may be crucial for remodeling the plasma lipidome and adipose tissue transcriptome and highlight the need of future lipidomic research in TRE. Women with overweight or obesity follow intended isocaloric early and late time‐restricted eating (TRE) in a crossover trial. Shotgun plasma lipidomics reveals no significant differences between interventions, but identify pronounced lipid changes—including reductions in ceramides and phosphatidylcholines—within the early TRE. Integration with adipose tissue transcriptome data reveals the impact of eating timing on the glycerophospholipid pathway.

Introduction The health of the United Kingdom workforce is key; approximately 186 million days are lost to sickness each year. Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain major global health challenges. The aim of this retrospective service evaluation was to assess the impact of a digitally enabled, time‐restricted eating (TRE) intervention (Roczen Program, Reset Health Ltd) on weight and other health‐related outcomes. Methods This service evaluation was conducted in people living with overweight/obesity, with 89% referred from public sector employers. Participants were placed on a TRE, low‐carbohydrate, moderate protein plan delivered by clinicians and mentors with regular follow up, dietary guidance, goal setting, feedback, and social support. Results A total of 660 members enrolled and retention was 41% at 12 months. The majority were female (73.2%), 58.9% were of White ethnicity, with a mean (SD) age of 47.5 years (10.1), and a body mass index of 35.0 kg/m2 (5.7). Data were available for 82 members at 12‐month. At 12‐month, members mean actual and percentage weight loss was −9.0 kg (7.0; p < 0.001) and −9.2% (6.7, p < 0.001) respectively and waist circumference reduced by −10.3 cm (10.7 p < 0.001), with 45.1% of members achieving ≥10% weight loss. Glycated hemoglobin was significantly improved at 6 months in people living with T2D (−11 mmol/mol [5.7] p = 0.012). Binge eating score significantly reduced (−4.4 [7.0] p = 0.006), despite cognitive restraint increasing (0.37 [0.6] p = 0.006). Conclusion Our service evaluation showed that the Roczen program led to clinically meaningful improvements in body weight, health‐related outcomes and eating behaviors that were sustained at 12‐month. This service evaluation showed the efficacy of the Roczen program in public sector workers living with overweight and obesity.

Abstract Time-restricted feeding (TRF, animal-based studies) and time-restricted eating (TRE, humans) are an emerging behavioral intervention approach based on the understanding of the role of circadian rhythms in physiology and metabolism. In this approach, all calorie intake is restricted within a consistent interval of less than 12 hours without overtly attempting to reduce calories. This article will summarize the origin of TRF/TRE starting with concept of circadian rhythms and the role of chronic circadian rhythm disruption in increasing the risk for chronic metabolic diseases. Circadian rhythms are usually perceived as the sleep-wake cycle and dependent rhythms arising from the central nervous system. However, the recent discovery of circadian rhythms in peripheral organs and the plasticity of these rhythms in response to changes in nutrition availability raised the possibility that adopting a consistent daily short window of feeding can sustain robust circadian rhythm. Preclinical animal studies have demonstrated proof of concept and identified potential mechanisms driving TRF-related benefits. Pilot human intervention studies have reported promising results in reducing the risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies have indicated that maintaining a consistent long overnight fast, which is similar to TRE, can significantly reduce risks for chronic diseases. Despite these early successes, more clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to implement TRE alone or as adjuvant lifestyle intervention for the prevention and management of chronic metabolic diseases. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

Introduction: Recent observations have shown that lengthening the daily eating period may contribute to the onset of chronic diseases. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a diet that especially limits this daily food window. It could represent a dietary approach that is likely to improve health markers. The aim of this study was to review how time-restricted eating affects human health. Method: Five general databases and six nutrition journals were screened to identify all studies published between January 2014 and September 2020 evaluating the effects of TRE on human populations. Results: Among 494 articles collected, 23 were finally included for analysis. The overall adherence rate to TRE was 80%, with a 20% unintentional reduction in caloric intake. TRE induced an average weight loss of 3% and a loss of fat mass. This fat loss was also observed without any caloric restriction. Interestingly, TRE produced beneficial metabolic effects independently of weight loss, suggesting an intrinsic effect based on the realignment of feeding and the circadian clock. Conclusions: TRE is a simple and well-tolerated diet that generates many beneficial health effects based on chrononutrition principles. More rigorous studies are needed, however, to confirm those effects, to understand their mechanisms and to assess their applicability to human health.