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Pristine tin (Sn) and tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) have sparked wide interest owing to their abundant resources and superior theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the obvious volume expansion effect upon cycling and undesirable conductivity of Sn-based materials lead to undesirable specific capacity. In this work, a nanostructured Sn/SnO 2 /nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) superstructure was prepared through a facile electrospray-carbonization strategy. The Sn/SnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were uniformly dispersed in a spherical NC matrix, which prevented the volume expansion and aggregation of NPs and facilitated the ion diffusion and charge transfer kinetics. When the optimized Sn/SnO 2 /NC superstructures were employed as lithium-ion battery anodes, a remarkable specific capacity of 747.9 mAh·g −1 over 200 cycles at 0.5 A·g −1 and a superior cyclability of 644.1 mAh·g −1 over 1000 cycles at 2 A·g −1 were obtained. This effective synthetic strategy for synthesizing superstructures provides valuable insights for the advancement of lithium-ion batteries.

Photocatalytic membranes (PMR) have significant potential for utilization in energy-efficient water purification and wastewater treatment. The integration of membrane filtration's physical separation with photocatalysis's organic degradation is facilitated by their respective capabilities. In the present study, a more advanced graphene oxide (GO) membrane with improved photocatalytic properties was developed. This was achieved by incorporating tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) into a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix, resulting in the fabrication of a microfiltration flat sheet membrane. The hydrophilicity of the membrane surface was investigated. The existence of NPs on membrane surfaces was demonstrated by FESEM images, Raman spectra, and FT-IR measurements. The porosity was affected by the addition of NPs; it increased from 59 to 76, and 92 for GO/TiO 2 , and GO/SnO 2 respectively. The relationship between photocatalysis and filtration was investigated. Each nanocomposite membrane displayed a greater water flux and removal efficiency than a blank PVC membrane. Whereas the water flux enhanced from 1.3 to 17.6, and 20.5 for GO/TiO 2 , and GO/SnO 2 respectively. Sunlight improves water flow and rejection compared to darkness. This research provides an alternative and highly efficient photocatalytic membrane for removing organic compounds from water, as the GO/SnO 2 nanocomposites membrane exhibits the highest photocatalytic degradation up to a rejection rate of 98% when compared to an unmodified membrane.

Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) modified tin dioxide microspheres (MTMS/SnO 2 ) were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method and heated reflux reaction strategy. The characterization results indicate that the modification of MTMS induced the formation of a hydrophobic network within the composites, while maintaining abundant adsorbed oxygen species. Subsequently, the MTMS/SnO 2 microspheres were used as a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating for the efficient extraction and sensitive determination of trace polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aqueous solutions coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. MTMS/SnO 2 coating exhibited superior extraction performances for PCBs compared with commercial SPME and pure SnO 2 microspheres coatings, owing to the hydrophobic crosslinking and adsorbed oxygen-enhanced hydrogen bonding. The proposed analytical method presented respectable linearity in the concentration range 0.25–1000 ng L −1 , with low limits of detection varying from 0.036 to 0.14 ng L −1 for seven PCBs and excellent precision, with relative standard deviations of 5.7–9.8% for a single fiber and 8.2–13.1% for five fibers. Finally, the proposed method was successfully used for determination of PCBs in real water with recoveries ranging from 75.8 to 115.6%. This study proposed a new type SPME coating of MTMS/SnO 2 microspheres, which extended the potential of SnO 2 in capturing and determining organic pollutants. Graphical abstract

High porosity and large photoactive surface of photoelectrodes grown on nano-grained and conductive ceramics provide freestanding structures for applications in photoelectrolysis and flow-through water purification. This study presents unmodified hematite photoelectrodes grown on CuO-Sb2O5-SnO2 ceramics, exhibiting photocurrent density of 0.63 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under AM1.5G radiation. The obtained photoelectrodes are tested for cleaning seawater contaminated with methylene blue. The photocatalytic structures are examined by photoelectrochemical measurements, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of substrate temperature on photocurrents obtained with these photoelectrodes is studied and discussed.

A sensor operating at room temperature has low power consumption and is beneficial for the detection of environmental pollutants such as ammonia and benzene vapor. In this study, polyaniline (PANI) is made from aniline under acidic conditions by chemical oxidative polymerization and doped with tin dioxide (SnO2) at a specific percentage. The PANI/SnO2 hybrid material obtained is then ground at room temperature. The results of scanning electron microscopy show that the prepared powder comprises nanoscale particles and has good dispersibility, which is conducive to gas adsorption. The thermal decomposition temperature of the powder and its stability are measured using a differential thermo gravimetric analyzer. At 20 °C, the ammonia gas and benzene vapor gas sensing of the PANI/SnO2 hybrid material was tested at concentrations of between 1 and 7 ppm of ammonia and between 0.4 and 90 ppm of benzene vapor. The tests show that the response sensitivities to ammonia and benzene vapor are essentially linear. The sensing mechanisms of the PANI/SnO2 hybrid material to ammonia and benzene vapors were analyzed. The results demonstrate that doped SnO2 significantly affects the sensitivity, response time, and recovery time of the PANI material.

One of the biggest challenges in the commercialization of tin dioxide (SnO2)-based lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes is the volume expansion of SnO2 during the charge–discharge process. Additionally, the aggregation of SnO2 also deteriorates the performance of anode materials. In this study, we prepared SnO2 nanoflowers (NFs) using nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) to improve the surface area, prevent the particle aggregation, and alleviate the change in volume of LIB anodes. Moreover, CNC served not only as the template for the synthesis of the SnO2 NFs but also as a conductive material, after annealing the SnO2 NFs at 800 °C to improve their electrochemical performance. The obtained CNC–SnO2NF composite was used as an active LIB electrode material and exhibited good cycling performance and a high initial reversible capacity of 891 mA h g−1, at a current density of 100 mA g−1. The composite anode could retain 30% of its initial capacity after 500 charge–discharge cycles.

This research was planned to synthesize a biological potent nanomaterials via an eco-friendly process to combat the diseases causing bacteria and the free radicals generated inside the body. For this purpose, a green synthesis process was employed to prepare SnO2 nanoparticles by utilizing leaf extract of Populus ciliate, and they were characterized via different physico-chemical techniques. The crystallite size of SnO2 nanoparticles was found to be 58.5 nm. The calculated band gap energy of SnO2 nanoparticles was 3.36 eV. The SnO2 nanoparticles showed 38, 49, 57, and 72% antioxidant activity at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 L with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS) assays. The antibacterial effects of prepared SnO2 nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive bacteria (S. pyogene and S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumoniae and E. coli). Both the antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity were seen to increase with increasing the concentration of the nanoparticles.

This study presents the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2NPs). SnO2NPs were obtained using a conventional wet-chemistry route and an environmentally friendly green-chemistry approach employing plant extracts from rooibos leaves (Aspalathus linearis), pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum), and kiwifruit peels (family Actinidiaceae). The thermal stability and decomposition profiles were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while their structural and physicochemical properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Raman spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the nanoscale morphology and uniformity of the obtained particles. The photocatalytic activity of SnO2NPs was evaluated via the degradation of methyl orange (MeO) under UV irradiation, revealing that nanoparticles synthesized using rooibos extract exhibited the highest efficiency (68% degradation within 180 min). Furthermore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was employed to study the adsorption behavior of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) on the SnO2NP surface. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the use of pure SnO2 nanoparticles as SERS substrates for biologically active, low-symmetry molecules. The calculated enhancement factor (EF) reached up to two orders of magnitude (102), comparable to other transition metal-based nanostructures. These findings highlight the potential of SnO2NPs as multifunctional materials for biomedical and sensing applications, bridging nanotechnology and regenerative medicine.

In an article, studies of tin dioxide films for challenging sensitive elements of gas sensors for monitoring gaseous impurities in air have been described. The technological influence issues parameters of the process producing of tin dioxide films by magnetron sputtering at a fixed magnetron power on their crystal structure and phase composition were considered. The substrate temperature, layer thickness, and oxygen concentration in the atomized gas were considered as parameters. The foundation for improving the constructive and technological solutions of film gas sensors based on the research results was laid.

The surface chemistry and the morphology of SnO2 nanowires of average length and diameter of several µm and around 100 nm, respectively, deposited by vapor phase deposition (VPD) method on Au-covered Si substrate, were studied before and after subsequent air exposure. For this purpose, surface-sensitive methods, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were applied. The studies presented within this paper allowed to determine their surface non-stoichiometry combined with the presence of carbon contaminations, in a good correlation with their surface morphology. The relative concentrations of the main components [O]/[Sn]; [C]/[Sn]; [Au]/[Sn], together with the O–Sn; O–Si bonds, were analyzed. The results of TDS remained in a good agreement with the observations from XPS. Moreover, conclusions obtained for SnO2 nanowires deposited with the use of Au catalyst were compared to the previous obtained for Ag-assisted tin dioxide nanowires. The information obtained within these studies is of a great importance for the potential application of SnO2 nanowires in the field of novel chemical nanosensor devices, since the results can provide an interpretation of how aging effects influence gas sensor dynamic characteristics.