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The United States emerged from World War II with generally good relations with the countries of Latin America and with the traditional Good Neighbor policy still largely intact. But it wasn’t too long before various overarching strategic and ideological priorities began to undermine those good relations as the Cold War came to exert its grip on U.S. policy formation and implementation. In The Truman Administration and Bolivia, Glenn Dorn tells the story of how the Truman administration allowed its strategic concerns for cheap and ready access to a crucial mineral resource, tin, to take precedence over further developing a positive relationship with Bolivia. This ultimately led to the economic conflict that provided a major impetus for the resistance that culminated in the Revolution of 1952—the most important revolutionary event in Latin America since the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The emergence of another revolutionary movement in Bolivia early in the millennium under Evo Morales makes this study of its Cold War predecessor an illuminating and timely exploration of the recurrent tensions between U.S. efforts to establish and dominate a liberal capitalist world order and the counterefforts of Latin American countries like Bolivia to forge their own destinies in the shadow of the “colossus of the north.”

The origin of the tin used for the production of bronze in the Eurasian Bronze Age is still one of the mysteries in prehistoric archaeology. In the past, numerous studies were carried out on archaeological bronze and tin objects with the aim of determining the sources of tin, but all failed to find suitable fingerprints. In this paper we investigate a set of 27 tin ingots from well-known sites in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Mochlos, Uluburun, Hishuley Carmel, Kfar Samir south, Haifa) that had been the subject of previous archaeological and archaeometallurgical research. By using a combined approach of tin and lead isotopes together with trace elements it is possible to narrow down the potential sources of tin for the first time. The strongly radiogenic composition of lead in the tin ingots from Israel allows the calculation of a geological model age of the parental tin ores of 291 ± 17 Ma. This theoretical formation age excludes Anatolian, central Asian and Egyptian tin deposits as tin sources since they formed either much earlier or later. On the other hand, European tin deposits of the Variscan orogeny agree well with this time span so that an origin from European deposits is suggested. With the help of the tin isotope composition and the trace elements of the objects it is further possible to exclude many tin resources from the European continent and, considering the current state of knowledge and the available data, to conclude that Cornish tin mines are the most likely suppliers for the 13th-12th centuries tin ingots from Israel. Even though a different provenance seems to be suggested for the tin from Mochlos and Uluburun by the actual data, these findings are of great importance for the archaeological interpretation of the trade routes and the circulation of tin during the Late Bronze Age. They demonstrate that the trade networks between the eastern Mediterranean and some place in the east that are assumed for the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE (as indicated by textual evidence from Kültepe/Kaneš and Mari) did not exist in the same way towards the last quarter of the millennium.

For most of the twentieth century, tin was the site of new forms of international regulation which became a model for other commodities. The onset of the depression of the 1930s saw a collapse in commodity prices, and governments of tin producing countries decided to form a cartel to return the industry to comparative prosperity. This is a detailed study of how the tin industry found itself in difficulty and how the cartel developed its policies of control over production and stocks, together with its enduring legacy after World War II. This study of a cartel brings together two levels of analysis that are normally kept separate; international cooperation, and national organization, and demonstrates how each affected the other. It is based on a comprehensive review of a wide range of archival sources which are sufficiently rich and frank that they provide an insider’s sense of how a cartel actually worked. 1. Introduction 2. Tin: The Foundations of an Industry 3. Tin and Industrial Capitalism, 1815-1918 4. The Problem with Tin, 1919-1929 5. The Depression: Initial Responses, 1928-1930 6. The Formation of the International Tin Committee, 1927-1931 7. Constructing the Machinery of Control 8. Rescuing the Industry, 1931-1933 9. Renewing the Second Agreement, 1933-1934 10. Stabilizing the Tin Market, 1934-1936 11. Renewing the Third Agreement, 1935-1936 12. Riding the Commodity Roller-coaster, 1937-1939 13. Development under Restriction: The Producers 14. Tin Consumption and Research 15. The International Tin Committee and World War II, 1939-1942 16.The International Tin Committee and its Critics 17. The Demise of the International Tin Committee, 1945-1946 18. From the International Tin Committee to the International Tin Council, 1945-1985 19. Conclusion John Hillman is Professor Emeritus at Trent University, Canada.

At the request of the authors, the article titled “Chemical Speciation and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Former Tin Mining Catchment” [1] has been retracted. The article has a high similarity index.

The origin of the tin used for the production of bronze in the Eurasian Bronze Age is still one of the mysteries in prehistoric archaeology. In the past, numerous studies were carried out on archaeological bronze and tin objects with the aim of determining the sources of tin, but all failed to find suitable fingerprints. In this paper we investigate a set of 27 tin ingots from well-known sites in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Mochlos, Uluburun, Hishuley Carmel, Kfar Samir south, Haifa) that had been the subject of previous archaeological and archaeometallurgical research. By using a combined approach of tin and lead isotopes together with trace elements it is possible to narrow down the potential sources of tin for the first time. The strongly radiogenic composition of lead in the tin ingots from Israel allows the calculation of a geological model age of the parental tin ores of 291 ± 17 Ma. This theoretical formation age excludes Anatolian, central Asian and Egyptian tin deposits as tin sources since they formed either much earlier or later. On the other hand, European tin deposits of the Variscan orogeny agree well with this time span so that an origin from European deposits is suggested. With the help of the tin isotope composition and the trace elements of the objects it is further possible to exclude many tin resources from the European continent and, considering the current state of knowledge and the available data, to conclude that Cornish tin mines are the most likely suppliers for the 13.sup.th -12.sup.th centuries tin ingots from Israel. Even though a different provenance seems to be suggested for the tin from Mochlos and Uluburun by the actual data, these findings are of great importance for the archaeological interpretation of the trade routes and the circulation of tin during the Late Bronze Age. They demonstrate that the trade networks between the eastern Mediterranean and some place in the east that are assumed for the first half of the 2.sup.nd millennium BCE (as indicated by textual evidence from Kültepe/Kanes and Mari) did not exist in the same way towards the last quarter of the millennium.

To explore the potential of Koenigia mollis as a pioneer plant in acid tin mine wasteland, Koenigia mollis plants and the corresponding rhizosphere soils in different areas in Lianghe County, Yunnan Province were collected, and their chemical properties and heavy metals contents were determined., the adaptability of the plant to the barren tailing environment and its acid resistance and tolerance to heavy metal such as Cu (Cu, CAS. No. 7144-37-8), Cd (Cd, CAS. No. 7440-43-9) and Pb (Pb, CAS. No. 10099-74-8) pollution were analyzed. Results showed that Koenigia mollis growth was normal. The pH value in rhizosphere soils was 3.74–4.30, which was strongly acidic. The organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) (N, CAS. No. 7727-37-9), available potassium (AK) (K, CAS. No. 7440-09-7), and available phosphorus (AP) (P, CAS. No. 7723-14-0) contents in soils of the research area were in low levels. The total contents of Cu, Cd, and Pb in the soil of the research area exceeded the pollution risk screening value for the national risk control standard of soil environmental quality, indicating that Koenigia mollis has a certain resistance to acid and heavy metal pollution. In addition, Koenigia mollis has strong transport and enrichment capacity for Cu, Cd, and Pb and therefore has potential as a pioneer phytoremediation plant for acid tin mine wastelands and a remediated plant for agricultural land around metal mining areas.

In consideration of comparable ionic radius between indium ions and tin ions, indium-doped SnS2 (In/SnS2) sample was designed and synthesized by one-pot solvothermal method. Its multi-level structure composed of 10-nm-thick ultrathin sheets can enhance utilization efficiency of solar light. The substitution of trivalent indium ions for tetravalent tin ions causes indium to form a negative charge center and simultaneously produces sulfur vacancies positively charged. As expected, the production of hydrogen on doped sample is up to 470 µmol g−1, which is about twice as high as that on SnS2. This is attributed to hierarchical structure composed of ultrathin sheets and effective attraction of hydrogen ions by negative charge on trivalent indium ions. The results suggest that doping the ions whose ionic radius is close to the radius of the anions or cations in the material into the lattice sites may provide a new tactic for the design of semiconductor photocatalytic materials.

Industrialization of green hydrogen production through electrolyzers is hindered by cost‐effective electrocatalysts and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a facile one‐step hydrothermal technique for the in situ growth of non‐noble tin chalcogenides and their heterostructures on nickel foam (NF) as trifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), OER, and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is detailed. Among them, the heterostructured SnSe/SnTe/NF outperforms all others and recently reported catalysts, boasting an impressively low potential of −0.077, 1.51, and 1.33 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode to achieve 10 mA cm −2 for HER, OER, and MOR. Owing to the rod‐like morphology with hetero‐phases for enhancing the performance. Furthermore, a hybrid MOR‐mediated water electrolyzer requiring only 1.49 V to achieve 10 mA cm −2 with value‐added formate is introduced and traditional water electrolyzer is outperformed. Additionally, a zero‐gap commercial anion‐exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) with bifunctional SnSe/SnTe/NF electrodes is tested, successfully achieving an industrially required 1 A cm −2 at a low potential of 1.93 V at 70 °C. Moreover, AEMWE using a windmill is powered and H 2 and O 2 production with wind speed is measured. Overall, this work paves the development of unexplored tin chalcogenide heterostructure as a potent candidate for cost‐effective, energy‐efficient, and carbon‐neutral hydrogen production.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) collects information from small sensors, processes the information effectively through a built-in computing system, forms a dynamic network topology in a self-organizing method, and sends it to the base station through wireless communication. At the same time, the scale of data generated by high-performance scientific computing has rapidly increased from GB and TB to EB. The traditional scientific vision postprocessing model that initially saved the data and then performed the vision processing became a very time-consuming and troublesome process due to the limitation of disk I/O efficiency, which seriously affected the development of technology, and the accuracy was relatively low. The development of high-performance computer parallel processing technology has promoted parallel visualization, and the expansion of Internet bandwidth has accelerated remote visualization. SnO2, or tin oxide, is a kind of N-type semiconductor material with a rutile structure. The crystal structure is stable, the corrosion resistance is good, the melting point is high, the resistance after doping is low, and the sinterability is good. Materials that are sensitive to optics, electrodes, and gases have a wide range of uses. This paper proposes a new data fusion algorithm based on BP neural network and studies the key technologies for the design and implementation of a web-based multiuser remote interactive vision system. In this paper, the effects of ZnO, MnO2, Nb2O5, CuO, and Li2CO3 doping on the conductivity and bulk density of SnO2 semiconductor ceramics were studied by means of ceramic preparation method, using intelligent resistance meter, bulk density tester, X-ray diffractometer, and scanning electron microscope, thus promoting the innovation of tin oxide ceramic preparation process.

The present study examines the performance improvement in the batch annealing process used in tinplate manufacturing by enhancing the heat transfer towards the steel coils and altering annealing cycle parameters. Presently, the heat transfer in the furnace is non-uniform, resulting in non-uniform temperature profiles and recrystallisation inside the coils, affecting the final coated steel quality. This study modelled a current furnace and four improvement proposals utilising transient computational fluid dynamics, to produce coil temperature profiles and rank the cases by the highest coil temperature uniformity achieved at the end of soaking. By increasing the soaking temperature and time, as well as the coiling tension before annealing and altering the coil size, the aim was to achieve higher and more uniform coil temperatures that could ensure successful recrystallisation with less defects, especially at the cold spot area in the middle of the coil. Then, a techno-economic analysis compared the cost-effectiveness of the scenarios based on the associated costs and the improvement in the scratching defects of the batch-annealed steel. Overall, most cases exhibited positive results regarding temperature uniformity enhancement, but increasing the coiling tension was considered the most promising option, due to the combination of a large defect reduction potential and cost savings per cycle.