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Biomaterials science and tissue engineering : principles and methods
\"Provides an encyclopedic coverage of biomaterials science which, at the same time, has enough to interest the biomedical scientists and engineers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Alginate Sulfate–Nanocellulose Bioinks for Cartilage Bioprinting Applications
One of the challenges of bioprinting is to identify bioinks which support cell growth, tissue maturation, and ultimately the formation of functional grafts for use in regenerative medicine. The influence of this new biofabrication technology on biology of living cells, however, is still being evaluated. Recently we have identified a mitogenic hydrogel system based on alginate sulfate which potently supports chondrocyte phenotype, but is not printable due to its rheological properties (no yield point). To convert alginate sulfate to a printable bioink, it was combined with nanocellulose, which has been shown to possess very good printability. The alginate sulfate/nanocellulose ink showed good printing properties and the non-printed bioink material promoted cell spreading, proliferation, and collagen II synthesis by the encapsulated cells. When the bioink was printed, the biological performance of the cells was highly dependent on the nozzle geometry. Cell spreading properties were maintained with the lowest extrusion pressure and shear stress. However, extruding the alginate sulfate/nanocellulose bioink and chondrocytes significantly compromised cell proliferation, particularly when using small diameter nozzles and valves.
Journal Article
Scaffolds and coatings for bone regeneration
Bone tissue has an astonishing self-healing capacity yet only for non-critical size defects (<6 mm) and clinical intervention is needed for critical-size defects and beyond that along with non-union bone fractures and bone defects larger than critical size represent a major healthcare problem. Autografts are, still, being used as preferred to treat large bone defects. Mostly, due to the presence of living differentiated and progenitor cells, its osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties that allow osteogenesis, vascularization, and provide structural support. Bone tissue engineering strategies have been proposed to overcome the limited supply of grafts. Complete and successful bone regeneration can be influenced by several factors namely: the age of the patient, health, gender and is expected that the ideal scaffold for bone regeneration combines factors such as bioactivity and osteoinductivity. The commercially available products have as their main function the replacement of bone. Moreover, scaffolds still present limitations including poor osteointegration and limited vascularization. The introduction of pores in scaffolds are being used to promote the osteointegration as it allows cell and vessel infiltration. Moreover, combinations with growth factors or coatings have been explored as they can improve the osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties of the scaffold. This review focuses on the bone defects treatments and on the research of scaffolds for bone regeneration. Moreover, it summarizes the latest progress in the development of coatings used in bone tissue engineering. Despite the interesting advances which include the development of hybrid scaffolds, there are still important challenges that need to be addressed in order to fasten translation of scaffolds into the clinical scenario. Finally, we must reflect on the main challenges for bone tissue regeneration. There is a need to achieve a proper mechanical properties to bear the load of movements; have a scaffolds with a structure that fit the bone anatomy.
Journal Article
Advances and Challenges in Tissue Engineering: Biomaterials, Cellular Strategies, and Clinical Applications
Tissue engineering integrates concepts from medicine, biology, and engineering to create living constructs capable of repairing, replacing, or supporting damaged tissues. This multidisciplinary field relies on the interplay between biomaterials, cellular sources, and bioactive signaling to achieve functional tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in scaffold design, highlighting natural, synthetic, and hybrid materials, as well as innovative fabrication techniques such as electrospinning, 3D bioprinting, and smart biomaterials. It discusses the role of stem cells and growth factors in directing regeneration and examines a wide range of clinical applications, including skin regeneration, cartilage repair, bone tissue engineering, dental and periodontal regeneration, nerve repair, cardiac tissue engineering, liver tissue models, and ophthalmic applications. Current challenges, such as immune responses, limited vascularization, scalability, and regulatory barriers, are addressed alongside emerging strategies aimed at improving clinical translation. By integrating diverse tissue types and engineering approaches within a unified framework, this review offers a broad yet detailed perspective on the current state and future directions of regenerative medicine.
Journal Article
Stem cell century : law and policy for a breakthrough technology
Korobkin's and Munzer's description of complex problems coupled with logical and well-balanced policy conclusions makes this volume essential reading for scholars and general readers concerned with the success of stem cell research and the future of regenerative medicine.
Book
Oxygen-Generating Biomaterials: A New, Viable Paradigm for Tissue Engineering?
There have been many attempts to provide sufficient nutrients, especially oxygen, to engineered large tissues to overcome the effects of hypoxia or poor vascularization. Delivering sufficient oxygen to the transplanted cells is one of the most critical issues that affects cell survival and correct maturation of engineered tissues. An emerging approach is using 3D scaffolds made from oxygen-generating biomaterials to tackle transport limitations deep within the engineered tissues. This class of biomaterials has opened a new window for overcoming the challenges associated with ischemia occurring within large tissue constructs. This review critically assesses oxygen-generating reagents, the main approaches for developing oxygen-generating biomaterials, and their potential as 3D scaffolds for regenerative medicine in a clinical setting.
The successful outcome of organs made from tissue engineering principally depends on delivery of sufficient nutrients, especially oxygen to cells for the initial period of the formation of microvasculature in the construct.
An emerging approach is using 3D scaffolds made from oxygen-generating biomaterials to tackle transport limitations deep within the engineered tissues.
This class of biomaterials has opened a new window for overcoming the challenges associated with ischemia occurring within large tissue constructs.
This review critically assesses oxygen-generating reagents, the main approaches for developing oxygen-generating biomaterials, and their potential as 3D scaffolds for regenerative medicine in a clinical setting.
Journal Article
Bioprinting predifferentiated adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell spheroids with methacrylated gelatin ink for adipose tissue engineering
The increasing number of mastectomies results in a greater demand for breast reconstruction characterized by simplicity and a low complication profile. Reconstructive surgeons are investigating tissue engineering (TE) strategies to overcome the current surgical drawbacks. 3D bioprinting is the rising technique for the fabrication of large tissue constructs which provides a potential solution for unmet clinical needs in breast reconstruction building on decades of experience in autologous fat grafting, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ASC) biology and TE. A scaffold was bioprinted using encapsulated ASC spheroids in methacrylated gelatin ink (GelMA). Uniform ASC spheroids with an ideal geometry and diameter for bioprinting were formed, using a high-throughput non-adhesive agarose microwell system. ASC spheroids in adipogenic differentiation medium (ADM) were evaluated through live/dead staining, histology (HE, Oil Red O), TEM and RT-qPCR. Viable spheroids were obtained for up to 14 days post-printing and showed multilocular microvacuoles and successful differentiation toward mature adipocytes shown by gene expression analysis. Moreover, spheroids were able to assemble at random in GelMA, creating a macrotissue. Combining the advantage of microtissues to self-assemble and the controlled organization by bioprinting technologies, these ASC spheroids can be useful as building blocks for the engineering of soft tissue implants.
Journal Article