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A car manufacturer makes crankshafts of materials from various suppliers. The steels from individual batches differed in their grinding behaviour, despite being supplied as a single steel grade. Some deliveries were repeatedly associated with much faster wear of grinding wheels than others. Consequently, the ground surfaces of the crankshafts developed visible patterns and, in some cases, surface cracks. The excessive wear in grinding wheels was suspected to be caused by titanium precipitates. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the phases in which titanium is present in the steels, describe the morphology, sizes and distribution of their particles and compare these aspects for materials from the three suppliers. It was found that titanium was present in the form of carbides or carbonitrides, whose morphology, sizes, distributions and quantities of particles varied greatly between the suppliers. These variations were identified as the cause of the differences in grinding behaviour.

For manufacturing billets for power generation equipment components with prolonged service life at elevated temperatures, especially pure steel 08Kh18N10T is required. The technology of melting steel grade 08Kh18N10T-VO with thorough vacuum decarburization makes it possible to prepare large forging ingots at 70°C above the liquidus temperature. A study of billet metal shows that titanium carbonitride and carbosulfide make up 85–100% of nonmetallic inclusions in steel grade 08Kh18N10T-VO. With sulphur content reduced from 0.006 to 0.0026%, the amount of carbosulfide decreases by a factor of seven. With a sulphur content of 0.0026% there is no extensive titanium carbosulfide (Ti4C2S2). The grain size in component workpieces corresponds to points 3–5 according to GOST 5639. Mechanical properties at 20 and 350°C are better than specified in technical documents.

The influence of alloying the TiC0.5N0.5 titanium carbonitride with zirconium on the mechanism and kinetic features of the contact interaction with the Ni–25%Mo melt (t = 1450°C, rarefaction 5 × 10–2 Pa) is investigated for the first time by electron probe microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. The main effects of the modifying influence of zirconium on the dissolution, phase formation, and structure formation processes which occur during the interaction of the Ti1–nZrnC0.5N0.5 carbonitride (n = 0.05 and 0.20) with the Ni–Mo melt are revealed and the factors promoting their manifestation are analyzed. The practical absence of zirconium and nitrogen in the composition of the K-phase (the Ti1 – nMonCx metastable solid solution, where n ≤ 0.65 and x = 0.7 ± 0.1) is confirmed experimentally. It is shown that the zirconiumenriched Ti0.80Zr0.20C0.5N0.5 carbonitride cannot be recommended as a refractory component of cermet because of the limitations of the chemical character.

The efficiency of the solid-phase activation of modifying complexes has been evaluated. It is shown that such preliminary treatment of refractory particles leads to a significant increase in the diffusion coefficients in the matrix of the metal-ultrafine powder complex. The introduction of modifying complexes that have undergone solid-phase activation into liquid nickel increases the degree of supercooling of the melt and reduces the grain, which characterizes a high degree of intensity of the action of inoculators. In this case, the most intense effect is exerted by the addition of the TiCN-Ni and TiCN-Ti complexes that have undergone solid-phase activation.

Ti-Al-V alloys are mostly used in the aerospace and automotive industries as light material with good strength and elasticity. However, it shows some drawbacks, such as high friction coefficient especially at elevated temperatures, as well as fast oxidation and deterioration of its chemical and crystal structure. Thus, it turns improper its use where the surface properties are of importance. The present study aims to cover this alloy with a protective layer of thickness up to 3 microns with especially pronounced compositional gradient character in order to minimize these drawbacks. The gradient structure is essential to assure a good adherence, especially required at high temperature and stress. The chosen protective coatings are based on Ti-carbo-nitride multilayers (TiCN), providing outstanding hardness, exceeding 30 GPa, while keeping low friction coefficient and excellent adhesion properties even under extreme conditions. The coatings were deposited by Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD). The adhesion is an important quality and the present study shows that near the interface, the both Young's modulus at the adjacent materials are close.

The response of the human body to implanted biomaterials involves several complex reactions. The potential success of implantation depends on the knowledge of the interaction between the biomaterials and the corrosive environment prior to the implantation. Thus, in the present study, the in vitro corrosion behavior of biocompatible carbonitride-based coatings are discussed, based on microstructure, mechanical properties, roughness and morphology. TiCN and TiSiCN coatings were prepared by the cathodic arc deposition method and were analyzed as a possible solution for load bearing implants. It was found that both coatings have an almost stoichiometric structure, being solid solutions, which consist of a mixture of TiC and TiN, with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The crystallite size decreased with the addition of Si into the TiCN matrix: the crystallite size of TiCN was 16.4 nm, while TiSiCN was 14.6 nm. The addition of Si into TiCN resulted in smaller Ra roughness values, indicating a beneficial effect of Si. All investigated surfaces have positive skewness, being adequate for the load bearing implants, which work in a corrosive environment. The hardness of the TiCN coating was 36.6 ± 2.9 GPa and was significantly increased to 47.4 ± 1 GPa when small amounts of Si were added into the TiCN layer structure. A sharp increase in resistance to plastic deformation (H3/E2 ratio) from 0.63 to 1.1 was found after the addition of Si into the TiCN matrix. The most electropositive value of corrosion potential was found for the TiSiCN coating (−14 mV), as well as the smallest value of corrosion current density (49.6 nA cm2), indicating good corrosion resistance in 90% DMEM + 10% FBS, at 37 ± 0.5 °C.

Two‐dimensional (2D) layered transition metal carbides/nitrides, called MXenes, are attractive alternative electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. Owing to their metallic electrical conductivity and low ion diffusion barrier, MXenes are promising anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, we report on a new 2D carbonitride MXene, viz., Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx (Tx stands for surface terminations), and the only second carbonitride after Ti3CNTx so far. A new type of in situ HF (HCl/KF) etching condition was employed to synthesize multilayer Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx powders from Ti2AlC0.5N0.5. Spontaneous intercalation of tetramethylammonium followed by sonication in water allowed for large‐scale delamination of this new titanium carbonitride into 2D sheets. Multilayer Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx powders showed higher specific capacities and larger electroactive surface area than those of Ti2CTx powders. Multilayer Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx powders show a specific capacity of 182 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1, the highest among all reported MXene electrodes as SIBs with excellent cycling stability. Synthesis of new two‐dimensional titanium carbonitride Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx MXene and its performance as an electrode material for sodium‐ion battery

Cermet is an advanced class of material consisting of a hard ceramic phase along with a metallic binding phase with the combined advantages of both the ceramic and the metal phase. The superior properties of this class of materials are particularly useful in high-temperature, tribological, and machining applications. This review paper seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the various cermet systems. More specifically, the most commonly used cermet systems based on tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide (TiC), titanium carbonitride (TiCN), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are discussed based on their development, properties, and applications. The effect of different metallic binders and their composition on the tribological and mechanical properties of these cermet systems is elaborated. The most common processing techniques for cermet systems, such as powder metallurgy (PM), reaction synthesis (RS), thermal spray (TS), cold spray (CS), and laser-based additive manufacturing techniques are discussed. The influence of the processing parameters in each case is evaluated. Finally, the applications and challenges of cermet systems are summarized.

In the presented work, changes in the surface morphology and crystal structure of the coatings obtained by adding Zr, Si, Nb, ZrSi and ZrNb elements added to the TiCN base matrix after thermal annealing at high temperature were studied. The novelty of the current study lies in the comprehensive investigation of the structural and compositional changes of carbonitride coatings, their behavior under thermal conditions, and the implications for their practical applications. The goal of the proposed experiment was to evaluate the influence of composition and structure on the oxygen adsorption tendencies at both high (2000 –1500 K) and low temperatures (0–100 K), through molecular dynamics. The formation mechanism of the gas and oxide phase on the surface of the coatings during the thermal annealing was simulated by the molecular dynamics code. The formation of gas products before the formation of the oxide layer on the surface of the coatings was shown by molecular dynamics simulation. Based on the structural analysis conducted by scattering X-rays from small angles, it was determined that a new phase is formed on the surface of the coatings. Formation of free cubic TiC phase was observed in both TiZrSiCN and TiZrNbCN coatings under the influence of temperature. Degradation of surface morphology and formation of pinholes were found after thermal annealing. The experimental formation of the oxide phase on the surface of the sample up to a temperature of 1270 K expands the application possibilities of the coatings in various industrial fields including catalysis.

The present study examines the cutting of X210Cr12 cold work tool steel by a triple (CVD) coated carbide tool (Al 2 O 3 /TiC/TiCN). This is an experimental investigation followed by modeling and optimization inherent to the cutting process of the above material. The first part of this work deals with carrying out experimental tests to evaluate the effects of cutting parameters on the flank wear (Vb) evolution and workpiece surface topography including 2D and 3D functional parameters. In the second part, a Taguchi L16 (4^3 2^1) design of experiment was adopted to optimize cutting conditions. For that, a single objective optimization based on Taguchi analysis using the signal/noise (S/N) ratio was performed. In addition, multi-criteria optimization was conducted by (GRA, MOORA, DEAR, WASPAS) methods using the (S/N) report. The desired objective corresponds to the minimization of Ra, Fz, and Pc and the maximization of MRR. A comparison between the optimal regimes found by the different methods used has been analyzed and discussed. Finally, confirmation tests were conducted to determine the results of the optimal regimes obtained outside the experimental design.